STATISTICAL APPENDIX
For the user's convenience, as well as to lighten the text, the Economic Survey of Europe includes a set of appendix tables showing time series for the main economic indicators over a longer period. The data are presented in two sections, following the structure of the text: Appendix A provides macroeconomic indicators for the market economies of western Europe and North America for 1984-1998, Appendix B does the same for the east European countries, the Baltic states and the Commonwealth of Independent States for 1980-1998.
Data for the ECE transition economies are preliminary because re-estimated historical series are not yet available for all countries, and longer time series could in some instances be obtained only by splicing older data with the new statistics (as explained in the notes to the tables).
Data were compiled from international and national statistical sources. Regional aggregations are ECE secretariat estimates based either on 1990-1991 or 1996 weights as noted in the footnotes to the tables. The figures for 1998 are based on data available to the secretariat at mid-June 1999.
In June 1996 the European Council decided to replace the previous European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) dating from 1979 (ESA79) by a new, more comprehensive system, ESA95. The ESA95 is fully compatible with the internationally agreed System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93), which was already adopted by some ECE member countries.
Following these decisions, an increasing number of countries have started reporting national accounts data according to SNA93 or ESA95 definitions. In the appendix tables A.1 to A.11, mention is made of the countries and the periods for which the series comply with SNA93 or ESA95 definitions. The SNA93 and ESA95 introduce major methodological improvements and extend the coverage of the series compared with the previous national accounts systems - SNA68, ESA70 and ESA79. A note on the main differences will be included in a forthcoming issue of the Survey.
APPENDIX TABLE A.1
Real GDP in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
4.1 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
- |
2.4 |
2.6 |
1.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
| 4 major countries |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
4.2 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
-0.3 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
| France a |
1.3 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
4.5 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
1.5 |
-0.9 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
2.0 |
3.2 |
| Germany a b |
2.8 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
5.7 |
5.1 |
2.2 |
-1.1 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
| Italy |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
-1.2 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
| United Kingdom a |
2.4 |
3.8 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
5.2 |
2.1 |
0.6 |
-1.5 |
0.1 |
2.3 |
4.4 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
3.5 |
2.1 |
| 17 smaller countries |
3.0 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
3.4 |
| Austria |
0.3 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
3.2 |
4.2 |
4.6 |
3.4 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
2.4 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
3.3 |
| Belgium a |
2.5 |
1.0 |
1.8 |
2.7 |
4.6 |
3.6 |
2.8 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
-1.5 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
| Cyprus |
8.8 |
4.7 |
3.8 |
7.0 |
8.5 |
7.9 |
7.4 |
0.6 |
9.8 |
0.7 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
5.0 |
| Denmark a |
4.4 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
5.8 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
| Finland a |
3.0 |
3.4 |
2.4 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
5.7 |
- |
-5.9 |
-3.2 |
-0.6 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
4.1 |
5.5 |
4.7 |
| Greece |
2.8 |
3.1 |
1.6 |
-0.5 |
4.5 |
3.8 |
- |
3.0 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
| Iceland |
4.1 |
3.3 |
6.3 |
8.5 |
-0.1 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
-3.4 |
1.0 |
3.7 |
1.0 |
5.6 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
| Ireland |
4.4 |
3.1 |
-0.4 |
4.7 |
5.2 |
5.8 |
8.5 |
2.0 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
7.3 |
11.1 |
7.4 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
| Israel |
2.2 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
6.2 |
3.4 |
1.4 |
6.3 |
5.7 |
6.8 |
3.4 |
6.9 |
7.2 |
4.7 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
| Luxembourg |
6.2 |
2.9 |
7.8 |
2.3 |
10.4 |
9.8 |
2.2 |
6.1 |
4.5 |
8.7 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
3.0 |
4.7 |
5.7 |
| Malta |
0.9 |
2.6 |
3.9 |
4.1 |
8.4 |
8.2 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
5.7 |
6.2 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
7.6 |
| Netherlands |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
3.2 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
| Norway a |
5.9 |
5.2 |
3.6 |
2.0 |
-0.1 |
0.9 |
2.0 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
5.5 |
3.8 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
2.1 |
| Portugal |
-1.9 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
6.4 |
7.5 |
5.1 |
4.4 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
-1.1 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
| Spain |
1.5 |
1.7 |
3.2 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
4.7 |
3.7 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
-1.2 |
2.2 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
| Sweden |
4.0 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
1.4 |
-1.1 |
-1.4 |
-2.2 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
| Switzerland |
3.0 |
3.4 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
3.1 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
-0.8 |
-0.1 |
-0.5 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
| Turkey |
6.7 |
4.2 |
7.0 |
9.5 |
2.1 |
0.3 |
9.3 |
0.9 |
6.0 |
8.0 |
-5.5 |
7.2 |
7.0 |
7.5 |
2.8 |
| North America |
6.7 |
3.9 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.9 |
3.3 |
1.2 |
-1.0 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
3.6 |
2.3 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
| Canada a |
5.7 |
5.4 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
2.5 |
0.3 |
-1.9 |
0.9 |
2.3 |
4.7 |
2.8 |
1.7 |
4.0 |
3.1 |
| United States |
6.8 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
1.3 |
-1.0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
3.5 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
| Total above |
4.6 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
2.3 |
0.3 |
2.0 |
1.2 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
| Japan |
3.9 |
4.4 |
2.9 |
4.2 |
6.2 |
4.8 |
5.1 |
3.8 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
5.0 |
1.4 |
-2.8 |
| Total above, including Japan |
4.5 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
2.7 |
0.9 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
4.2 |
3.5 |
3.1 |
1.8 |
1.1 |
-0.4 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
| Euro area |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
-0.9 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
All aggregates exclude Israel. Growth rates of regional aggregates have been calculated as weighted averages of growth rates in individual countries. Weights were derived from 1991 GDP data converted from national currency units into dollars using purchasing power parities.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.2
Real private consumption expenditure in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
1.8 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
- |
1.3 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
| 4 major countries |
1.8 |
2.7 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
1.5 |
-0.2 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
| France a |
1.1 |
2.4 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
-0.4 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.2 |
3.4 |
| Germany a b |
1.8 |
1.7 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
2.8 |
0.2 |
1.0 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
| Italy |
2.5 |
3.1 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
4.6 |
3.6 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
1.3 |
-3.4 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
| United Kingdom a |
1.9 |
3.9 |
6.6 |
5.4 |
7.6 |
3.3 |
0.7 |
-1.7 |
0.4 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
1.7 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
2.7 |
| 17 smaller countries |
1.7 |
2.3 |
3.6 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
4.1 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
3.1 |
| Austria |
-1.3 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
2.0 |
0.7 |
1.7 |
| Belgium a |
0.7 |
2.0 |
3.1 |
1.8 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
2.2 |
-1.0 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
| Cyprus |
4.5 |
5.9 |
1.7 |
5.5 |
10.5 |
6.9 |
9.0 |
9.9 |
3.2 |
-4.8 |
4.2 |
10.6 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
7.0 |
| Denmark a |
3.4 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
-1.5 |
-1.0 |
-0.3 |
0.3 |
1.8 |
2.6 |
1.4 |
7.1 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
| Finland a |
3.1 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
4.3 |
- |
-3.5 |
-4.5 |
-3.2 |
2.5 |
4.3 |
3.5 |
2.6 |
4.5 |
| Greece |
1.7 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
1.2 |
3.6 |
6.1 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
| Iceland |
3.7 |
4.2 |
6.9 |
16.2 |
-3.8 |
-4.2 |
0.5 |
4.1 |
-4.5 |
-4.5 |
1.9 |
4.2 |
6.4 |
6.0 |
11.0 |
| Ireland |
2.0 |
4.6 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
4.5 |
6.5 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
4.6 |
2.4 |
6.3 |
4.1 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
8.8 |
| Israel |
-6.9 |
0.7 |
15.1 |
8.9 |
4.5 |
0.4 |
5.6 |
7.2 |
8.0 |
7.3 |
9.5 |
7.2 |
5.0 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
| Luxembourg |
1.4 |
2.7 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
5.1 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
-0.9 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
2.5 |
3.8 |
| Malta |
4.0 |
5.0 |
1.4 |
0.5 |
9.0 |
9.2 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
4.3 |
0.8 |
2.3 |
10.5 |
7.7 |
2.4 |
2.9 |
| Netherlands |
1.2 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
0.8 |
3.5 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
4.4 |
| Norway a |
3.2 |
9.4 |
5.0 |
-0.8 |
-2.0 |
-0.6 |
0.7 |
1.5 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
4.0 |
3.4 |
5.3 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
| Portugal |
-2.9 |
0.7 |
5.6 |
5.3 |
6.9 |
2.6 |
5.9 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
1.5 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
5.2 |
| Spain |
-0.1 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
5.8 |
4.9 |
5.7 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
-2.2 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
| Sweden |
1.4 |
2.7 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
2.4 |
1.2 |
-0.4 |
0.9 |
-1.4 |
-3.1 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
| Switzerland |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
-0.9 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
| Turkey |
8.1 |
-0.6 |
5.8 |
-0.3 |
1.2 |
-1.0 |
13.1 |
1.9 |
4.0 |
8.6 |
-5.4 |
4.8 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
0.1 |
| North America |
5.1 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
3.2 |
4.0 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
-0.7 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
4.7 |
| Canada a |
4.5 |
5.2 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.4 |
3.6 |
1.3 |
-1.4 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
4.2 |
2.8 |
| United States |
5.2 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
-0.6 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
4.9 |
| Total above |
3.4 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
3.7 |
| Japan |
2.6 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
4.2 |
5.3 |
4.8 |
4.4 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
1.0 |
-1.1 |
| Total above, including Japan |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
1.5 |
2.6 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
-0.4 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.8 |
| Euro area |
1.3 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
1.9 |
-1.0 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.8 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
See appendix table A.1.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.3
Real general government consumption expenditure in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
1.7 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
0.4 |
1.4 |
| 4 major countries |
1.8 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
0.2 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
1.4 |
- |
0.9 |
| France a |
1.2 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
4.1 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
2.7 |
3.8 |
4.6 |
0.7 |
-0.1 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
| Germany a b |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
1.5 |
2.1 |
-1.6 |
2.2 |
0.4 |
5.0 |
0.1 |
2.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
-0.6 |
-0.1 |
| Italy |
2.1 |
3.1 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
2.7 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
-0.6 |
-1.1 |
0.3 |
-0.8 |
1.4 |
| United Kingdom a |
1.0 |
-0.1 |
1.6 |
- |
- |
0.8 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
0.5 |
-0.8 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
- |
1.5 |
| 17 smaller countries |
1.5 |
5.1 |
4.1 |
4.7 |
2.1 |
3.7 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
0.2 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
1.1 |
2.3 |
| Austria |
0.8 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
0.2 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
- |
0.6 |
-3.9 |
1.3 |
| Belgium a |
0.6 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
2.8 |
-0.7 |
0.8 |
-0.4 |
3.9 |
1.4 |
-0.2 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
2.3 |
-0.5 |
2.4 |
| Cyprus |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
5.3 |
10.5 |
1.9 |
17.4 |
3.9 |
13.8 |
-14.3 |
4.1 |
2.9 |
11.9 |
3.4 |
7.7 |
| Denmark a |
-0.4 |
2.5 |
0.5 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
-0.8 |
-0.2 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
4.1 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
3.2 |
1.1 |
2.6 |
| Finland a |
2.7 |
4.5 |
3.1 |
4.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
3.8 |
2.0 |
-2.3 |
-4.3 |
0.3 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
0.4 |
| Greece |
3.0 |
3.2 |
-0.8 |
0.9 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
0.6 |
-1.5 |
-3.4 |
4.8 |
3.5 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
-0.4 |
0.4 |
| Iceland |
0.6 |
6.5 |
7.3 |
6.5 |
4.7 |
3.0 |
4.4 |
3.1 |
-0.8 |
2.3 |
3.7 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
| Ireland |
-0.7 |
1.8 |
2.6 |
-4.8 |
-5.0 |
-1.3 |
5.4 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
0.4 |
5.0 |
2.6 |
1.5 |
4.8 |
5.0 |
| Israel |
5.8 |
2.9 |
-9.7 |
18.3 |
-2.5 |
-8.6 |
7.7 |
4.1 |
1.4 |
4.2 |
-0.2 |
0.3 |
5.7 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
| Luxembourg |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
4.7 |
4.9 |
3.9 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
1.5 |
3.7 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
3.3 |
8.4 |
4.0 |
| Malta |
-2.5 |
5.6 |
4.4 |
9.1 |
6.0 |
12.7 |
5.7 |
10.9 |
8.9 |
6.0 |
6.4 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
-1.2 |
-4.6 |
| Netherlands |
- |
2.4 |
3.6 |
2.6 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
| Norway a |
0.8 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
4.6 |
-0.1 |
1.9 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
5.3 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
0.3 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
| Portugal |
0.2 |
6.4 |
7.2 |
3.8 |
8.6 |
6.6 |
5.4 |
10.3 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
3.3 |
| Spain |
2.5 |
6.0 |
5.4 |
8.9 |
4.0 |
8.3 |
6.6 |
5.6 |
4.0 |
2.4 |
-0.3 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
| Sweden |
2.3 |
2.4 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
- |
0.2 |
-0.7 |
-0.9 |
-0.2 |
-2.1 |
1.8 |
| Switzerland |
1.7 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
1.6 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
5.4 |
3.4 |
0.8 |
-0.2 |
2.1 |
-0.2 |
1.3 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
| Turkey |
1.9 |
14.1 |
9.2 |
9.4 |
-1.1 |
0.8 |
8.0 |
4.5 |
2.8 |
8.6 |
-5.5 |
6.8 |
8.6 |
4.1 |
5.0 |
| North America |
1.6 |
4.8 |
4.3 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
- |
-0.3 |
0.3 |
-0.3 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
| Canada a |
1.1 |
4.3 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
4.6 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
1.0 |
0.1 |
-1.2 |
-0.5 |
-1.1 |
-0.5 |
1.7 |
| United States |
1.6 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
1.0 |
-0.1 |
-0.3 |
0.4 |
-0.3 |
0.7 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
| Total above |
1.6 |
3.9 |
3.6 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
1.8 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.3 |
| Japan |
2.3 |
0.3 |
5.1 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
3.3 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
0.7 |
| Total above, including Japan |
1.7 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
1.7 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
1.3 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
1.4 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
| Euro area |
1.8 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
1.3 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
3.2 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
1.1 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
See appendix table A.1.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.4
Real gross domestic fixed capital formation in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
1.3 |
2.9 |
4.3 |
7.2 |
8.2 |
6.6 |
4.4 |
-0.3 |
-0.3 |
-4.5 |
1.9 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
3.7 |
5.0 |
| 4 major countries |
2.2 |
1.6 |
3.4 |
4.9 |
8.3 |
6.0 |
3.8 |
-0.1 |
0.5 |
-5.7 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
1.2 |
2.0 |
4.5 |
| France a |
-2.6 |
3.2 |
5.7 |
5.9 |
9.3 |
7.1 |
3.3 |
-1.5 |
-1.6 |
-6.4 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
- |
0.5 |
5.7 |
| Germany a b |
0.1 |
-0.5 |
3.3 |
1.8 |
4.4 |
6.3 |
8.5 |
6.0 |
4.5 |
-4.5 |
4.0 |
-0.7 |
-0.9 |
0.6 |
1.8 |
| Italy |
3.4 |
0.5 |
2.0 |
4.4 |
6.9 |
4.4 |
3.6 |
0.8 |
-1.8 |
-12.8 |
0.5 |
7.1 |
1.9 |
0.8 |
3.5 |
| United Kingdom a |
9.3 |
4.0 |
2.1 |
8.9 |
14.8 |
5.9 |
-2.3 |
-8.7 |
-0.7 |
0.8 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
4.9 |
6.9 |
8.3 |
| 17 smaller countries |
-0.5 |
5.5 |
6.3 |
11.8 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
5.6 |
-0.6 |
-2.0 |
-2.1 |
0.6 |
6.9 |
5.1 |
7.1 |
5.9 |
| Austria |
0.1 |
6.9 |
2.4 |
4.4 |
6.8 |
6.3 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
0.1 |
-2.0 |
8.4 |
1.2 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
5.0 |
| Belgium a |
2.5 |
3.9 |
3.2 |
6.2 |
15.7 |
12.6 |
8.5 |
-4.1 |
1.7 |
-3.1 |
-0.1 |
5.5 |
0.9 |
6.3 |
3.6 |
| Cyprus |
21.5 |
-7.7 |
-7.1 |
4.5 |
10.6 |
20.0 |
-2.8 |
-1.6 |
16.2 |
-12.8 |
-2.5 |
-1.7 |
7.8 |
-8.4 |
0.6 |
| Denmark a |
12.9 |
12.6 |
17.1 |
-3.8 |
-6.6 |
0.4 |
-1.0 |
-2.8 |
-1.1 |
-1.9 |
7.4 |
12.3 |
4.9 |
10.6 |
6.1 |
| Finland a |
-2.1 |
2.2 |
-0.4 |
4.9 |
9.8 |
14.8 |
-4.1 |
-18.6 |
-17.3 |
-16.7 |
-2.3 |
10.8 |
8.4 |
14.4 |
8.3 |
| Greece |
-5.7 |
5.2 |
-6.2 |
-5.1 |
8.9 |
7.1 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
-1.0 |
-1.8 |
1.2 |
5.9 |
8.8 |
9.6 |
9.8 |
| Iceland |
9.4 |
1.0 |
-1.6 |
18.8 |
-0.2 |
-7.9 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
-11.3 |
-11.4 |
-1.1 |
-2.8 |
26.5 |
11.2 |
23.4 |
| Ireland |
-2.5 |
-7.7 |
-2.8 |
-1.1 |
5.2 |
10.1 |
13.4 |
-6.6 |
-1.9 |
-3.6 |
12.2 |
10.9 |
13.6 |
10.9 |
11.5 |
| Israel |
-11.9 |
-9.2 |
7.4 |
6.1 |
1.6 |
-2.2 |
25.3 |
41.9 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
8.4 |
6.0 |
9.3 |
-2.3 |
-3.3 |
| Luxembourg |
0.1 |
-9.5 |
31.0 |
17.9 |
15.0 |
7.0 |
2.7 |
31.6 |
-9.0 |
28.4 |
-14.9 |
3.5 |
-1.7 |
15.2 |
9.7 |
| Malta |
-7.0 |
-4.0 |
-8.7 |
30.7 |
6.1 |
1.0 |
17.9 |
- |
-0.2 |
11.1 |
8.5 |
17.8 |
-3.8 |
-7.6 |
-4.1 |
| Netherlands |
5.8 |
7.0 |
6.9 |
0.9 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
1.6 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
-2.8 |
2.2 |
4.8 |
5.4 |
6.8 |
3.9 |
| Norway a |
1.0 |
-4.0 |
7.6 |
0.3 |
-1.8 |
-6.9 |
-10.8 |
-0.4 |
-3.1 |
4.3 |
4.5 |
3.4 |
9.9 |
15.1 |
8.1 |
| Portugal |
-17.4 |
-3.5 |
10.9 |
18.0 |
14.8 |
4.4 |
7.6 |
3.5 |
4.8 |
-6.0 |
3.4 |
4.8 |
5.7 |
11.3 |
9.5 |
| Spain |
-6.9 |
6.1 |
9.9 |
14.0 |
13.9 |
13.6 |
6.6 |
1.6 |
-4.4 |
-10.5 |
2.4 |
7.8 |
1.8 |
5.1 |
9.1 |
| Sweden |
6.9 |
6.3 |
0.3 |
8.2 |
6.6 |
11.3 |
1.3 |
-8.9 |
-10.8 |
-17.2 |
2.0 |
12.4 |
3.7 |
-4.8 |
9.7 |
| Switzerland |
4.7 |
2.8 |
5.4 |
4.0 |
8.1 |
5.3 |
3.8 |
-2.9 |
-6.6 |
-2.7 |
6.5 |
1.9 |
-2.4 |
1.5 |
3.8 |
| Turkey |
0.9 |
11.5 |
8.4 |
45.1 |
-1.0 |
2.2 |
15.9 |
1.2 |
5.5 |
26.4 |
-16.0 |
9.1 |
14.1 |
14.8 |
-2.4 |
| North America |
14.6 |
6.4 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
-1.6 |
-6.4 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
6.6 |
4.5 |
7.7 |
7.7 |
9.2 |
| Canada a |
2.5 |
10.3 |
5.4 |
10.7 |
9.8 |
5.9 |
-3.6 |
-3.5 |
-1.3 |
-2.7 |
7.4 |
-1.9 |
6.5 |
13.9 |
3.6 |
| United States |
15.6 |
6.1 |
1.9 |
0.4 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
-1.4 |
-6.6 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
6.5 |
5.0 |
7.8 |
7.1 |
9.6 |
| Total above |
7.9 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
5.2 |
4.4 |
1.4 |
-3.3 |
2.2 |
- |
4.2 |
4.2 |
5.1 |
5.7 |
7.1 |
| Japan |
4.3 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
9.1 |
11.5 |
8.2 |
8.5 |
3.3 |
-1.5 |
-2.0 |
-0.8 |
1.7 |
11.1 |
-1.9 |
-8.8 |
| Total above, including Japan |
7.3 |
4.7 |
3.5 |
5.0 |
6.2 |
5.0 |
2.5 |
-2.3 |
1.6 |
-0.3 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
6.0 |
4.5 |
4.6 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
1.2 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
5.6 |
8.7 |
7.0 |
4.1 |
-0.3 |
-0.4 |
-6.1 |
2.6 |
3.8 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
5.3 |
| Euro area |
-0.6 |
1.9 |
4.6 |
5.2 |
7.9 |
7.2 |
5.5 |
1.6 |
- |
-7.2 |
2.3 |
3.5 |
1.1 |
2.3 |
4.5 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
See appendix table A.1.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.5
Real total domestic demand in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
1.9 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
-0.9 |
1.7 |
2.6 |
1.5 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
| 4 major countries |
2.0 |
2.2 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
4.8 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
-1.4 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
3.0 |
| France a |
0.4 |
2.5 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
4.4 |
3.5 |
2.6 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
-1.5 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
3.6 |
| Germany a b |
1.9 |
1.0 |
3.3 |
2.4 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
5.2 |
4.7 |
2.8 |
-1.0 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
2.6 |
| Italy |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
1.8 |
0.7 |
-5.1 |
1.2 |
2.0 |
0.2 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
| United Kingdom a |
2.7 |
2.9 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
7.8 |
2.8 |
-0.3 |
-2.5 |
0.8 |
2.1 |
3.4 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
3.4 |
| 17 smaller countries |
1.7 |
2.9 |
4.4 |
4.7 |
3.7 |
4.5 |
4.8 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
4.1 |
2.7 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
| Austria |
1.6 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
3.6 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
2.6 |
| Belgium a |
2.2 |
1.0 |
2.6 |
3.4 |
4.8 |
4.2 |
2.9 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
-1.5 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
0.7 |
2.3 |
4.2 |
| Cyprus |
9.3 |
2.2 |
-1.5 |
5.6 |
11.3 |
9.7 |
6.3 |
5.1 |
9.3 |
-9.5 |
6.7 |
7.8 |
4.5 |
0.7 |
5.6 |
| Denmark a |
5.4 |
5.4 |
6.2 |
-2.3 |
-1.2 |
0.3 |
-0.6 |
-0.1 |
1.7 |
0.5 |
7.2 |
4.9 |
3.3 |
4.5 |
4.8 |
| Finland a |
2.2 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
5.2 |
6.6 |
7.6 |
-1.3 |
-8.3 |
-6.1 |
-5.6 |
3.7 |
4.4 |
2.5 |
5.7 |
4.3 |
| Greece |
-0.2 |
5.6 |
-1.2 |
-1.5 |
7.3 |
5.3 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
1.8 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
| Iceland |
6.1 |
2.9 |
4.8 |
15.7 |
-0.9 |
-4.3 |
1.4 |
5.1 |
-5.3 |
-4.1 |
1.5 |
3.1 |
7.5 |
6.4 |
12.0 |
| Ireland |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
-0.2 |
2.1 |
7.3 |
6.4 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
6.7 |
7.2 |
6.9 |
7.3 |
8.1 |
| Israel |
-1.9 |
-2.2 |
5.4 |
9.0 |
2.5 |
-2.8 |
9.3 |
12.1 |
5.3 |
6.8 |
5.3 |
6.9 |
5.6 |
1.4 |
0.9 |
| Luxembourg |
2.3 |
0.7 |
8.5 |
5.4 |
6.7 |
8.4 |
3.3 |
8.6 |
-1.5 |
9.4 |
-0.4 |
3.1 |
1.8 |
6.8 |
5.5 |
| Malta |
0.8 |
3.5 |
- |
3.5 |
11.5 |
8.3 |
7.6 |
4.9 |
0.1 |
4.8 |
2.1 |
13.7 |
4.5 |
1.6 |
5.6 |
| Netherlands |
1.8 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
4.7 |
3.5 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
-1.0 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
| Norway a |
4.8 |
5.6 |
7.3 |
-0.8 |
-3.1 |
-2.0 |
-0.3 |
0.8 |
1.7 |
2.9 |
3.8 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
| Portugal |
-6.5 |
1.0 |
8.2 |
9.9 |
10.7 |
3.3 |
6.1 |
4.2 |
5.0 |
-1.3 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
5.2 |
6.5 |
| Spain |
-0.9 |
2.5 |
5.4 |
8.1 |
7.0 |
7.8 |
4.8 |
2.9 |
1.0 |
-4.2 |
1.3 |
3.2 |
1.6 |
2.9 |
4.9 |
| Sweden |
3.2 |
4.2 |
2.1 |
4.3 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
0.9 |
-2.1 |
-1.8 |
-5.2 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
3.9 |
| Switzerland |
3.2 |
1.9 |
4.5 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
-0.6 |
-2.7 |
-1.0 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
0.2 |
1.5 |
3.9 |
| Turkey |
6.4 |
3.2 |
7.0 |
8.9 |
-1.3 |
1.5 |
14.6 |
-0.9 |
5.9 |
14.2 |
-12.5 |
11.4 |
7.6 |
9.0 |
0.4 |
| North America |
7.5 |
4.3 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
0.8 |
-1.5 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.9 |
2.0 |
3.5 |
4.3 |
4.8 |
| Canada a |
4.7 |
5.8 |
3.4 |
4.7 |
5.3 |
4.1 |
- |
-1.4 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
3.2 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
5.7 |
2.2 |
| United States |
7.7 |
4.1 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
0.9 |
-1.6 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
3.9 |
2.1 |
3.6 |
4.2 |
5.1 |
| Total above |
4.7 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
2.1 |
-0.1 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
| Japan |
3.2 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
5.1 |
7.4 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
2.9 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
1.0 |
2.3 |
5.7 |
0.1 |
-3.5 |
| Total above, including Japan |
4.4 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
2.6 |
0.4 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
1.6 |
2.4 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
4.8 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
1.5 |
1.2 |
-1.6 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
| Euro area |
1.3 |
2.1 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
2.4 |
1.4 |
-2.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
3.4 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
See appendix table A.1.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.6
Real exports of goods and services in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
8.8 |
4.3 |
1.1 |
5.0 |
6.2 |
7.4 |
6.3 |
4.9 |
4.2 |
2.4 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
5.9 |
9.9 |
5.4 |
| 4 major countries |
7.5 |
4.9 |
0.9 |
3.2 |
5.1 |
8.5 |
7.5 |
5.4 |
3.5 |
1.3 |
8.6 |
8.4 |
4.5 |
9.0 |
4.5 |
| France a |
7.0 |
1.9 |
-0.2 |
3.6 |
8.6 |
10.2 |
5.4 |
5.9 |
5.4 |
- |
7.7 |
7.7 |
3.5 |
10.7 |
6.2 |
| Germany a b |
8.2 |
7.6 |
-0.6 |
0.4 |
5.5 |
10.2 |
11.0 |
12.6 |
-0.8 |
-5.5 |
7.6 |
5.8 |
5.3 |
10.9 |
6.5 |
| Italy |
7.9 |
3.5 |
0.8 |
4.4 |
5.0 |
7.7 |
7.1 |
0.1 |
6.8 |
9.8 |
10.3 |
12.0 |
1.6 |
5.0 |
1.3 |
| United Kingdom a |
6.6 |
6.0 |
4.5 |
5.9 |
0.6 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
-0.2 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
9.2 |
9.5 |
7.5 |
8.6 |
3.1 |
| 17 smaller countries |
11.3 |
3.1 |
1.5 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
5.2 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
5.8 |
4.5 |
11.1 |
7.7 |
8.8 |
11.5 |
7.0 |
| Austria |
6.3 |
7.1 |
-2.3 |
3.1 |
10.2 |
11.3 |
7.9 |
5.9 |
1.7 |
-1.3 |
5.6 |
6.5 |
6.9 |
10.1 |
8.2 |
| Belgium a |
6.5 |
0.3 |
2.8 |
5.0 |
9.6 |
8.3 |
4.6 |
3.1 |
3.7 |
-0.4 |
8.4 |
5.7 |
1.2 |
7.1 |
3.4 |
| Cyprus |
15.1 |
-1.1 |
-1.7 |
13.7 |
13.5 |
16.8 |
7.9 |
-8.4 |
18.7 |
-1.3 |
7.9 |
4.6 |
3.7 |
2.1 |
-2.0 |
| Denmark a |
3.5 |
5.0 |
- |
5.1 |
7.8 |
4.3 |
6.2 |
7.0 |
-0.5 |
0.1 |
8.2 |
4.4 |
3.7 |
5.5 |
0.1 |
| Finland a |
5.0 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
2.7 |
3.7 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
-7.3 |
10.4 |
16.7 |
13.1 |
8.7 |
6.1 |
14.2 |
8.3 |
| Greece |
16.9 |
1.3 |
14.0 |
16.0 |
9.0 |
4.6 |
-4.0 |
3.7 |
8.6 |
0.5 |
7.4 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
5.3 |
7.0 |
| Iceland |
2.4 |
11.1 |
5.9 |
3.3 |
-3.6 |
2.9 |
- |
-5.9 |
-1.9 |
7.1 |
10.0 |
-2.2 |
10.0 |
5.6 |
2.6 |
| Ireland |
16.6 |
6.6 |
2.9 |
13.7 |
9.0 |
10.3 |
8.7 |
5.3 |
13.5 |
9.7 |
14.2 |
19.6 |
11.7 |
16.9 |
19.8 |
| Israel |
13.6 |
10.2 |
5.6 |
10.2 |
-1.5 |
4.0 |
2.0 |
-2.6 |
14.1 |
9.9 |
12.8 |
8.2 |
6.8 |
7.6 |
6.0 |
| Luxembourg |
18.0 |
9.5 |
3.3 |
4.4 |
11.7 |
8.1 |
3.4 |
6.7 |
4.8 |
2.8 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
2.3 |
7.5 |
8.3 |
| Malta |
4.0 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
12.6 |
6.1 |
10.7 |
13.3 |
7.5 |
9.7 |
5.3 |
7.1 |
5.4 |
-6.7 |
2.0 |
5.2 |
| Netherlands |
7.5 |
5.1 |
1.8 |
4.0 |
9.0 |
6.7 |
5.3 |
4.7 |
2.9 |
1.5 |
6.7 |
6.7 |
5.2 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
| Norway a |
7.9 |
7.2 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
6.4 |
11.0 |
8.6 |
6.1 |
5.2 |
3.2 |
8.7 |
4.3 |
9.3 |
5.7 |
0.5 |
| Portugal |
11.6 |
6.7 |
6.8 |
11.2 |
8.2 |
13.0 |
10.0 |
2.6 |
4.9 |
-3.6 |
8.7 |
9.1 |
10.2 |
8.4 |
9.3 |
| Spain |
11.7 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
6.3 |
5.1 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
7.9 |
7.4 |
8.5 |
16.7 |
10.0 |
10.6 |
14.8 |
7.8 |
| Sweden |
6.9 |
1.2 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
1.6 |
-2.3 |
2.3 |
7.6 |
14.0 |
12.9 |
6.1 |
12.8 |
7.4 |
| Switzerland |
7.5 |
8.0 |
-0.4 |
2.3 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
2.1 |
-2.1 |
3.0 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
3.0 |
9.1 |
4.1 |
| Turkey |
25.4 |
-1.9 |
-5.1 |
26.4 |
18.4 |
-0.3 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
11.0 |
7.7 |
15.2 |
8.0 |
22.0 |
19.1 |
10.5 |
| North America |
9.1 |
2.9 |
7.2 |
10.4 |
15.4 |
10.8 |
8.2 |
6.0 |
6.7 |
3.6 |
8.6 |
11.1 |
8.3 |
12.4 |
2.1 |
| Canada a |
18.6 |
5.5 |
5.2 |
3.3 |
9.5 |
1.3 |
4.7 |
2.3 |
7.9 |
10.9 |
13.1 |
9.0 |
5.8 |
8.5 |
8.2 |
| United States |
8.3 |
2.7 |
7.4 |
11.0 |
15.9 |
11.7 |
8.5 |
6.3 |
6.6 |
2.9 |
8.2 |
11.3 |
8.5 |
12.8 |
1.5 |
| Total above |
8.9 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
7.7 |
10.8 |
9.1 |
7.2 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
3.0 |
9.0 |
9.6 |
7.1 |
11.1 |
3.7 |
| Japan |
14.8 |
5.4 |
-5.7 |
-0.5 |
5.9 |
9.1 |
6.9 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
1.3 |
4.6 |
5.4 |
6.3 |
11.6 |
-2.3 |
| Total above, including Japan |
9.9 |
3.9 |
2.6 |
6.4 |
10.0 |
9.1 |
7.2 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
2.7 |
8.3 |
9.0 |
7.0 |
11.2 |
2.8 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
8.0 |
4.5 |
1.4 |
4.1 |
5.6 |
7.7 |
6.5 |
5.2 |
3.9 |
2.2 |
9.3 |
8.4 |
5.2 |
9.5 |
5.2 |
| Euro area |
8.2 |
4.4 |
0.5 |
3.4 |
6.6 |
8.5 |
7.2 |
6.4 |
3.9 |
1.7 |
9.3 |
8.3 |
4.8 |
9.7 |
5.6 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
See appendix table A.1.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.7
Real imports of goods and services in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
6.6 |
4.3 |
5.4 |
9.2 |
7.8 |
8.7 |
7.6 |
3.9 |
4.2 |
-1.6 |
6.4 |
8.4 |
4.6 |
10.0 |
7.4 |
| 4 major countries |
7.2 |
4.2 |
4.9 |
7.6 |
7.9 |
8.2 |
6.9 |
4.6 |
4.1 |
-3.9 |
7.0 |
7.1 |
3.1 |
9.2 |
7.0 |
| France a |
2.7 |
4.5 |
6.8 |
7.8 |
8.9 |
7.9 |
5.7 |
3.1 |
1.8 |
-3.7 |
8.2 |
8.0 |
1.6 |
6.2 |
8.7 |
| Germany a b |
5.2 |
4.5 |
2.7 |
4.2 |
5.1 |
8.3 |
10.3 |
13.1 |
1.5 |
-5.4 |
7.3 |
5.7 |
3.4 |
8.2 |
8.0 |
| Italy |
12.2 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
12.0 |
6.1 |
9.0 |
9.4 |
3.3 |
7.4 |
-8.8 |
6.8 |
9.6 |
-1.1 |
9.9 |
6.1 |
| United Kingdom a |
9.9 |
2.5 |
6.9 |
7.9 |
12.8 |
7.4 |
0.5 |
-5.0 |
6.8 |
3.2 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
9.1 |
13.4 |
4.6 |
| 17 smaller countries |
5.4 |
4.6 |
6.3 |
12.3 |
7.8 |
9.7 |
9.1 |
2.6 |
4.5 |
3.0 |
5.3 |
11.2 |
7.5 |
11.4 |
8.0 |
| Austria |
10.0 |
6.2 |
-2.9 |
5.4 |
10.4 |
8.4 |
7.3 |
6.5 |
1.8 |
-0.7 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
8.7 |
6.9 |
| Belgium a |
6.3 |
0.2 |
4.5 |
6.7 |
10.4 |
9.6 |
4.8 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
-0.4 |
7.2 |
5.0 |
1.0 |
6.0 |
5.3 |
| Cyprus |
16.4 |
-4.5 |
-11.0 |
5.5 |
13.4 |
20.4 |
5.8 |
2.2 |
18.2 |
-18.1 |
8.2 |
11.5 |
6.8 |
1.3 |
3.6 |
| Denmark a |
5.5 |
8.1 |
6.8 |
-2.0 |
1.5 |
4.2 |
1.5 |
3.9 |
0.2 |
-1.2 |
13.2 |
9.9 |
3.7 |
9.8 |
4.7 |
| Finland a |
1.6 |
6.4 |
2.6 |
9.2 |
11.1 |
8.9 |
-0.6 |
-13.5 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
12.8 |
7.9 |
6.3 |
11.4 |
8.9 |
| Greece |
0.2 |
12.8 |
3.8 |
16.6 |
8.0 |
10.6 |
8.7 |
6.0 |
4.9 |
1.0 |
4.1 |
6.2 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
| Iceland |
9.1 |
9.4 |
0.9 |
23.3 |
-4.6 |
-10.3 |
1.0 |
5.7 |
-8.0 |
-8.6 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
16.6 |
8.5 |
22.1 |
| Ireland |
9.9 |
3.2 |
5.6 |
6.2 |
4.9 |
13.5 |
5.1 |
2.3 |
7.9 |
7.2 |
14.8 |
15.8 |
12.2 |
15.6 |
20.0 |
| Israel |
-1.1 |
-3.7 |
11.2 |
19.6 |
-2.8 |
-5.0 |
9.5 |
16.0 |
8.8 |
14.1 |
10.9 |
7.2 |
8.1 |
2.8 |
2.1 |
| Luxembourg |
13.9 |
7.0 |
3.8 |
7.5 |
8.2 |
6.6 |
4.5 |
9.0 |
-0.8 |
2.8 |
-0.1 |
3.8 |
1.0 |
10.0 |
8.5 |
| Malta |
3.9 |
9.2 |
0.1 |
12.3 |
11.1 |
11.1 |
15.7 |
5.4 |
3.0 |
5.9 |
7.5 |
10.0 |
-6.3 |
-2.4 |
1.6 |
| Netherlands |
5.0 |
6.3 |
3.5 |
4.2 |
7.6 |
6.7 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
2.1 |
-2.1 |
6.7 |
7.5 |
5.3 |
7.1 |
6.8 |
| Norway a |
5.8 |
8.9 |
11.8 |
-6.5 |
-2.4 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
4.4 |
4.9 |
5.6 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
9.1 |
| Portugal |
-4.4 |
1.4 |
16.9 |
23.1 |
18.0 |
6.1 |
14.0 |
7.3 |
10.7 |
-3.3 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
7.5 |
10.4 |
13.3 |
| Spain |
-1.8 |
8.0 |
14.4 |
20.1 |
14.4 |
17.3 |
7.8 |
9.0 |
6.9 |
-5.2 |
11.3 |
11.0 |
7.4 |
12.2 |
10.6 |
| Sweden |
5.4 |
7.8 |
4.5 |
7.7 |
5.3 |
7.4 |
0.7 |
-4.9 |
1.1 |
-2.5 |
13.2 |
10.2 |
3.7 |
11.7 |
11.1 |
| Switzerland |
8.3 |
3.7 |
8.1 |
6.2 |
5.2 |
5.9 |
2.6 |
-1.6 |
-4.2 |
0.1 |
7.9 |
5.1 |
2.7 |
8.9 |
8.8 |
| Turkey |
19.7 |
-6.6 |
-3.5 |
23.0 |
-4.5 |
6.9 |
33.1 |
-5.3 |
10.9 |
35.8 |
-21.9 |
29.6 |
20.5 |
22.4 |
2.2 |
| North America |
23.8 |
6.7 |
8.4 |
6.1 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
3.7 |
-0.3 |
7.4 |
9.0 |
11.6 |
8.6 |
9.0 |
13.9 |
10.2 |
| Canada a |
18.1 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
5.6 |
13.7 |
6.3 |
2.3 |
3.2 |
6.2 |
7.4 |
8.3 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
14.6 |
5.8 |
| United States |
24.3 |
6.5 |
8.4 |
6.1 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
-0.7 |
7.5 |
9.1 |
11.9 |
8.8 |
9.2 |
13.9 |
10.6 |
| Total above |
15.2 |
5.5 |
6.9 |
7.6 |
6.3 |
6.4 |
5.7 |
1.8 |
5.8 |
3.7 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
12.0 |
8.8 |
| Japan |
10.5 |
-1.4 |
1.9 |
9.5 |
20.9 |
18.6 |
7.9 |
-3.1 |
-0.7 |
-0.3 |
8.9 |
14.2 |
11.9 |
0.5 |
-7.7 |
| Total above, including Japan |
14.4 |
4.4 |
6.1 |
7.9 |
8.6 |
8.3 |
6.0 |
1.0 |
4.8 |
3.1 |
9.0 |
9.4 |
7.6 |
10.2 |
6.2 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union c |
5.9 |
4.8 |
5.7 |
8.8 |
8.6 |
9.0 |
6.6 |
4.5 |
4.1 |
-3.5 |
7.8 |
7.6 |
3.8 |
9.4 |
7.5 |
| Euro area |
5.3 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
9.0 |
8.1 |
9.4 |
8.1 |
6.7 |
3.8 |
-4.9 |
8.0 |
7.9 |
2.8 |
8.6 |
8.1 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
See appendix table A.1.
a
Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom; 1985-1998 for Belgium and France; 1991-1998 for Germany.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.8
Industrial output in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
2.7 |
3.6 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
2.4 |
-0.2 |
-0.9 |
-2.7 |
4.5 |
3.9 |
0.5 |
4.1 |
2.9 |
| 4 major countries |
1.9 |
3.6 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
4.8 |
3.8 |
2.0 |
-0.3 |
-1.3 |
-3.6 |
4.6 |
2.6 |
-0.2 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
| France |
0.3 |
2.1 |
0.6 |
1.2 |
4.6 |
3.7 |
1.5 |
-1.2 |
-1.2 |
-3.9 |
4.0 |
2.1 |
0.2 |
3.8 |
4.6 |
| Germany a |
3.0 |
4.8 |
1.8 |
0.4 |
3.6 |
4.9 |
5.2 |
2.4 |
-2.3 |
-7.6 |
3.6 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
3.5 |
4.2 |
| Italy |
3.3 |
1.4 |
4.1 |
2.6 |
6.9 |
3.9 |
-0.5 |
-0.9 |
-1.3 |
-2.1 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
-2.9 |
2.7 |
0.8 |
| United Kingdom |
- |
5.5 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
4.8 |
2.1 |
-0.4 |
-3.4 |
0.4 |
2.2 |
5.4 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
| 13 smaller countries |
4.5 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
4.7 |
3.4 |
- |
- |
-0.7 |
4.1 |
6.7 |
2.0 |
6.9 |
3.3 |
| Austria |
4.9 |
4.7 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
4.5 |
5.8 |
6.8 |
1.9 |
-1.2 |
-1.5 |
4.0 |
4.9 |
0.8 |
5.6 |
3.4 |
| Belgium |
2.5 |
2.5 |
0.8 |
2.1 |
5.8 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
-2.0 |
- |
-5.2 |
1.9 |
9.0 |
0.2 |
12.2 |
-3.5 |
| Finland |
4.8 |
2.9 |
1.9 |
5.0 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
-0.6 |
-8.7 |
1.3 |
5.6 |
11.3 |
6.8 |
3.2 |
10.0 |
7.2 |
| Greece |
2.3 |
3.3 |
-0.3 |
-1.2 |
5.0 |
1.8 |
-2.4 |
-1.0 |
-1.1 |
-2.9 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
7.1 |
| Ireland |
9.9 |
3.4 |
2.2 |
8.9 |
10.7 |
11.6 |
4.7 |
3.3 |
9.1 |
5.6 |
11.9 |
18.9 |
8.0 |
15.3 |
15.7 |
| Israel |
.. |
.. |
3.6 |
4.8 |
-3.2 |
-1.6 |
8.1 |
6.7 |
8.2 |
6.7 |
7.5 |
8.4 |
14.2 |
16.2 |
.. |
| Luxembourg |
11.7 |
-1.1 |
1.9 |
-0.6 |
8.7 |
7.8 |
2.6 |
0.3 |
-0.8 |
-4.3 |
5.9 |
1.4 |
-1.9 |
7.2 |
4.5 |
| Netherlands |
5.0 |
4.8 |
0.2 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
5.1 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
-0.2 |
-1.1 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
3.8 |
2.6 |
1.1 |
| Norway |
6.5 |
5.7 |
4.7 |
6.2 |
2.8 |
9.4 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
5.7 |
3.8 |
6.9 |
5.9 |
5.2 |
3.5 |
-0.9 |
| Portugal |
2.5 |
-1.3 |
7.2 |
4.4 |
3.8 |
6.7 |
9.0 |
- |
-2.3 |
-5.2 |
-0.2 |
4.7 |
1.3 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
| Spain |
0.9 |
1.8 |
3.3 |
4.6 |
3.1 |
5.1 |
-0.3 |
-0.7 |
-3.0 |
-4.7 |
7.6 |
4.8 |
-1.3 |
6.9 |
5.5 |
| Sweden |
5.6 |
2.9 |
0.2 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
0.3 |
-5.2 |
-1.7 |
-0.4 |
11.5 |
9.8 |
1.0 |
6.5 |
4.5 |
| Switzerland |
2.6 |
5.6 |
3.8 |
1.2 |
7.8 |
1.5 |
4.8 |
0.5 |
-1.0 |
-1.8 |
4.3 |
2.0 |
- |
4.7 |
3.6 |
| Turkey |
11.0 |
5.9 |
11.7 |
10.6 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
9.5 |
2.7 |
5.0 |
8.0 |
-6.2 |
12.7 |
7.5 |
11.4 |
1.8 |
| North America |
9.3 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
4.6 |
4.7 |
1.6 |
-0.4 |
-2.2 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
5.5 |
4.9 |
4.2 |
6.0 |
3.5 |
| Canada |
12.6 |
5.4 |
-0.6 |
4.4 |
6.1 |
-0.4 |
-2.8 |
-3.8 |
1.1 |
4.5 |
6.4 |
4.7 |
1.3 |
5.2 |
2.4 |
| United States |
9.0 |
1.6 |
1.2 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
1.8 |
-0.2 |
-2.0 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
4.5 |
6.0 |
3.6 |
| Total above |
5.6 |
2.8 |
1.9 |
3.5 |
4.5 |
3.0 |
1.1 |
-1.1 |
0.8 |
0.1 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
2.1 |
4.9 |
3.2 |
| Japan |
9.3 |
3.7 |
-0.2 |
3.5 |
10.4 |
4.8 |
4.2 |
1.9 |
-5.8 |
-4.4 |
1.3 |
3.3 |
2.3 |
3.5 |
-6.4 |
| Total above, including Japan |
6.4 |
3.0 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
5.7 |
3.3 |
1.7 |
-0.5 |
-0.5 |
-0.8 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
2.2 |
4.7 |
1.3 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union b |
2.2 |
3.4 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
4.5 |
4.1 |
2.0 |
-0.4 |
-1.3 |
-3.3 |
5.0 |
3.5 |
0.1 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
| Euro area |
2.6 |
3.0 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
2.5 |
0.3 |
-1.6 |
-4.4 |
4.8 |
3.7 |
-0.1 |
4.3 |
3.4 |
Source:
National statistics; OECD,
Main Economic Indicators (Paris), various issues.
Note:
Growth rates of regional aggregates have been calculated as weighted averages of growth rates in individual countries. Weights were derived from GDP originating in industry in 1990. Data were converted from national currency units into dollars using GDP purchasing power parities.
a
West Germany 1984-1991.
b
Fourteen countries (excluding Denmark).
APPENDIX TABLE A.9
Total employment in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
0.6 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
0.4 |
-1.3 |
-1.7 |
0.1 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
| 4 major countries |
0.9 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
- |
-1.6 |
-1.8 |
-0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
| France a |
-0.9 |
-0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
-0.1 |
-0.7 |
-1.7 |
-0.3 |
0.5 |
-0.2 |
0.1 |
1.0 |
| Germany b |
0.2 |
0.7 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
-1.6 |
-1.5 |
-0.3 |
-0.1 |
-0.8 |
-0.8 |
0.4 |
| Italy a |
0.4 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
0.2 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
-1.0 |
-2.9 |
-1.4 |
-0.3 |
- |
-0.2 |
0.2 |
| United Kingdom c |
3.8 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
1.0 |
-3.2 |
-2.6 |
-1.3 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
| 17 smaller countries |
0.1 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
0.9 |
-0.9 |
-1.5 |
0.8 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
0.4 |
2.1 |
| Austria |
-0.1 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
-0.1 |
0.3 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
0.4 |
-0.5 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
-0.5 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
| Belgium c |
-0.2 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
- |
-0.5 |
-0.9 |
-0.2 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
| Cyprus |
3.8 |
3.7 |
1.1 |
3.1 |
4.7 |
3.9 |
2.8 |
0.6 |
4.1 |
-0.1 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
1.0 |
-0.2 |
.. |
| Denmark |
1.7 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
-0.6 |
-0.7 |
-0.7 |
-0.6 |
-0.8 |
-1.5 |
1.4 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
| Finland |
0.4 |
0.1 |
-0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
-0.5 |
-5.5 |
-7.3 |
-6.3 |
-1.2 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
| Greece |
0.4 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
-0.1 |
1.7 |
0.4 |
1.3 |
-2.3 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
-0.5 |
1.4 |
| Iceland a |
1.5 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
5.7 |
-3.0 |
-1.4 |
-1.0 |
-0.1 |
-1.4 |
-0.7 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
3.0 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
| Ireland d |
-1.9 |
-2.2 |
0.2 |
-0.1 |
1.0 |
-0.1 |
3.3 |
0.7 |
2.7 |
1.5 |
3.2 |
5.0 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
8.3 |
| Israel |
1.5 |
0.7 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
3.5 |
0.5 |
2.1 |
6.1 |
4.2 |
6.1 |
6.9 |
5.2 |
2.4 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
| Luxembourg |
0.6 |
0.9 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
4.5 |
| Malta e |
0.6 |
1.3 |
2.1 |
5.9 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
3.8 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
| Netherlands a |
0.1 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
-0.1 |
-0.4 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
| Norway |
0.6 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.1 |
-0.8 |
-2.8 |
-0.8 |
-0.8 |
-0.3 |
0.2 |
1.3 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
| Portugal |
-1.0 |
-0.5 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
2.7 |
-1.7 |
-2.0 |
-0.2 |
-0.7 |
0.7 |
1.9 |
2.8 |
| Spain |
-2.7 |
1.1 |
2.2 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
4.0 |
2.6 |
0.2 |
-1.9 |
-4.3 |
-0.9 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
3.4 |
| Sweden |
0.8 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
0.9 |
-1.5 |
-4.4 |
-5.2 |
-1.0 |
1.5 |
-0.5 |
-1.0 |
1.4 |
| Switzerland |
1.0 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
1.8 |
-1.5 |
-0.8 |
-0.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
-0.3 |
1.2 |
| Turkey |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
2.0 |
-2.5 |
1.5 |
| North America |
4.6 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
0.6 |
-0.8 |
-0.2 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
| Canada |
2.7 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
2.1 |
0.6 |
-1.9 |
-0.6 |
1.3 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
1.9 |
2.8 |
| United States f |
4.8 |
2.4 |
1.7 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
0.6 |
-0.7 |
-0.1 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
| Total above |
2.2 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
1.2 |
-0.1 |
-0.8 |
-0.2 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
1.8 |
| Japan |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
-0.6 |
| Total above, including Japan |
1.9 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
0.2 |
-0.5 |
-0.1 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Uniong |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
-0.1 |
1.6 |
- |
-1.5 |
-2.0 |
-0.3 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
1.2 |
| Euro area |
-0.4 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
-1.2 |
-2.1 |
-0.6 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
1.2 |
Source:
National statistics; OECD,
National Accounts Detailed Tables, Vol. II, 1998 and
OECD Economic Outlook, No. 64, December 1998 (Paris); UN/ECE secretariat estimates.
Note:
All aggregates exclude Israel. National accounts statistics, where available; otherwise annual labour force surveys. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the annual average number of persons employed, i.e. no adjustment is made for part-time workers. Comparisons with previous years are limited due to changes in methodology: Belgium from 1986 onwards, Denmark and Norway from 1989 onwards, France, Finland and Germany from 1991 onwards because of the shift to SNA93 or ESA95 definitions; Israel (1986 and 1996) and Malta (1995).
a
Full-time equivalent data.
b
West Germany 1984-1991.
c
June.
d
Mid-April estimates.
e
End of year.
f
Full-time equivalent employees plus the number of self-employed persons (unpaid family workers are not included).
g
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.10
Standardized unemployment rates
a in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Per cent of civilian labour force)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
8.7 |
8.1 |
7.6 |
8.0 |
8.9 |
10.2 |
10.6 |
10.1 |
10.1 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
| 4 major countries |
9.0 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
8.5 |
7.9 |
7.3 |
7.9 |
8.8 |
9.9 |
10.1 |
9.8 |
10.1 |
10.1 |
9.6 |
| France |
9.7 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
10.4 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
9.5 |
10.4 |
11.7 |
12.3 |
11.7 |
12.4 |
12.3 |
11.7 |
| Germany b |
7.1 |
7.1 |
6.4 |
6.2 |
6.2 |
5.6 |
4.8 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
7.9 |
8.4 |
8.2 |
8.9 |
9.9 |
9.4 |
| Italy |
8.1 |
8.5 |
9.2 |
9.9 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.1 |
8.8 |
9.0 |
10.3 |
11.4 |
11.9 |
12.0 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
| United Kingdom |
11.1 |
11.5 |
11.5 |
10.6 |
8.7 |
7.3 |
7.1 |
8.8 |
10.1 |
10.5 |
9.6 |
8.7 |
8.2 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
| 17 smaller countries |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
8.4 |
7.9 |
8.2 |
9.1 |
10.7 |
11.2 |
10.4 |
10.1 |
9.7 |
8.9 |
| Austria |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
| Belgium |
11.1 |
10.4 |
10.3 |
10.0 |
8.9 |
7.5 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
7.3 |
8.9 |
10.0 |
9.9 |
9.7 |
9.4 |
9.5 |
| Cyprus c |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
3.0 |
1.8 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
| Denmark |
10.1 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
6.1 |
7.4 |
7.7 |
8.5 |
9.2 |
10.1 |
8.2 |
7.3 |
6.8 |
5.6 |
5.1 |
| Finland |
5.9 |
6.1 |
6.7 |
4.9 |
4.4 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
7.1 |
12.5 |
16.4 |
16.8 |
15.3 |
14.6 |
12.7 |
11.4 |
| Greece |
7.2 |
7.0 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
6.4 |
7.0 |
7.9 |
8.6 |
8.9 |
9.2 |
9.6 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
| Iceland |
1.3 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
3.1 |
4.4 |
4.8 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
3.9 |
2.8 |
| Ireland |
15.5 |
16.9 |
16.8 |
16.6 |
16.2 |
14.7 |
13.4 |
14.8 |
15.4 |
15.6 |
14.3 |
12.3 |
11.6 |
9.9 |
7.8 |
| Israel |
5.9 |
6.7 |
7.1 |
6.1 |
6.4 |
8.9 |
9.6 |
10.6 |
11.2 |
10.0 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
7.7 |
8.6 |
| Luxembourg |
3.1 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
| Malta c |
8.6 |
8.1 |
6.9 |
4.4 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
4.5 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
| Netherlands |
9.3 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.0 |
7.6 |
6.9 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
7.1 |
6.9 |
6.3 |
5.2 |
4.0 |
| Norway |
3.2 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
3.2 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
5.6 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
5.5 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
| Portugal |
8.5 |
8.7 |
8.4 |
6.9 |
5.5 |
4.9 |
4.6 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
5.7 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
6.8 |
4.9 |
| Spain |
20.3 |
21.7 |
21.2 |
20.6 |
19.5 |
17.2 |
16.2 |
16.4 |
18.4 |
22.7 |
24.1 |
22.9 |
22.2 |
20.8 |
18.8 |
| Sweden |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
3.1 |
5.6 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
8.8 |
9.6 |
9.9 |
8.3 |
| Switzerland |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.2 |
4.7 |
5.2 |
3.8 |
| Turkey |
7.6 |
7.1 |
7.9 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
8.0 |
7.9 |
8.0 |
7.7 |
8.1 |
6.9 |
6.0 |
6.4 |
6.8 |
| North America |
7.9 |
7.5 |
7.3 |
6.5 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
5.9 |
7.2 |
7.9 |
7.4 |
6.5 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
| Canada |
11.3 |
10.5 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
7.5 |
8.2 |
10.4 |
11.3 |
11.2 |
10.4 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
9.2 |
8.3 |
| United States |
7.5 |
7.2 |
7.0 |
6.2 |
5.5 |
5.3 |
5.6 |
6.8 |
7.5 |
6.9 |
6.1 |
5.6 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
4.5 |
| Total above |
8.7 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
8.1 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
7.7 |
8.5 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.0 |
7.4 |
| Japan |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
4.1 |
| Total above, including Japan |
7.7 |
7.6 |
7.5 |
7.2 |
6.6 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.8 |
7.4 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
7.2 |
6.9 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union d |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.9 |
9.7 |
9.1 |
8.3 |
7.7 |
8.2 |
9.2 |
10.7 |
11.1 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
10.6 |
9.9 |
| Euro area |
9.8 |
10.1 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.6 |
8.9 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
9.2 |
10.9 |
11.6 |
11.4 |
11.6 |
11.6 |
10.9 |
Source:
National statistics; OECD,
Quarterly Labour Force Statistics, No. 4, 1998,
Main Economic Indicators, various issues and
OECD Economic Outlook, No. 64, December 1998 (Paris); UN/ECE secretariat estimates.
Note:
All aggregates exclude Israel. Comparisons with previous years are limited by changes in methodology in Austria (1994), Germany (1984), Israel (1985 and 1995), Italy (1993), Malta (1994), Portugal (1992) and the United States (1990 and 1994).
a
ILO definition, except for Austria (1984-1992), Cyprus, Denmark (1984-1987), Iceland, Israel, Malta, Switzerland and Turkey.
b
West Germany 1984-1990.
c
End of year.
d
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE A.11
Consumer prices in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998
(Percentage change over previous year)
| |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Western Europe |
6.7 |
5.8 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
5.0 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
3.5 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
| 4 major countries |
6.0 |
5.4 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.2 |
3.2 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
| France |
7.4 |
5.8 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
1.2 |
0.7 |
| Germany a |
2.3 |
2.2 |
-0.2 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
5.1 |
4.5 |
2.7 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
| Italy |
10.6 |
8.6 |
6.1 |
4.6 |
5.0 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
5.3 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
5.4 |
3.9 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
| United Kingdom |
5.0 |
6.1 |
3.4 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
7.8 |
9.5 |
5.9 |
3.7 |
1.6 |
2.4 |
3.5 |
2.4 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
| 16 smaller countries |
8.4 |
6.8 |
5.2 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
5.3 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
4.5 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
| Austria |
5.6 |
3.2 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
| Belgium |
6.4 |
4.9 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.0 |
| Cyprus |
6.0 |
5.1 |
1.2 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
6.5 |
4.9 |
4.7 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
3.6 |
2.2 |
| Denmark |
6.3 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
4.6 |
4.8 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
| Finland |
7.1 |
5.9 |
2.9 |
4.1 |
5.1 |
6.6 |
6.2 |
4.3 |
3.0 |
2.1 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
| Greece |
18.4 |
19.3 |
23.0 |
16.4 |
13.5 |
13.7 |
20.4 |
19.5 |
15.9 |
14.4 |
10.7 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
5.5 |
4.8 |
| Iceland |
29.2 |
32.6 |
22.7 |
18.8 |
19.1 |
20.8 |
15.4 |
6.8 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
| Ireland |
8.6 |
5.5 |
3.8 |
3.1 |
2.1 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
2.4 |
| Israel |
373.8 |
304.6 |
48.1 |
19.9 |
16.3 |
20.2 |
17.2 |
19.0 |
12.0 |
11.0 |
12.3 |
10.1 |
11.3 |
9.0 |
5.4 |
| Luxembourg |
6.4 |
4.1 |
0.3 |
-0.1 |
1.4 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
| Malta |
-0.4 |
-0.3 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
1.6 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
2.2 |
| Netherlands |
3.1 |
2.3 |
0.2 |
-0.8 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
| Norway |
6.2 |
5.7 |
7.2 |
8.7 |
6.7 |
4.6 |
4.1 |
3.4 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
2.4 |
1.3 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
| Portugal |
28.9 |
19.6 |
11.8 |
9.4 |
9.7 |
12.6 |
13.4 |
10.5 |
9.4 |
6.7 |
5.4 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
| Spain |
11.3 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
4.6 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
3.6 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
| Sweden |
8.0 |
7.4 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
5.8 |
6.5 |
10.4 |
9.4 |
2.2 |
4.7 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
-0.1 |
| Switzerland |
2.9 |
3.5 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
5.4 |
5.9 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
0.9 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
| Turkey |
48.3 |
45.0 |
34.6 |
38.8 |
68.8 |
63.3 |
60.3 |
66.0 |
70.1 |
66.1 |
105.2 |
88.0 |
79.8 |
84.8 |
86.2 |
| North America |
4.3 |
3.6 |
2.1 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
4.8 |
5.4 |
4.3 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
1.5 |
| Canada |
4.3 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.4 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
5.6 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
0.2 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
| United States |
4.3 |
3.6 |
1.9 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.8 |
5.4 |
4.2 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
| Total above |
5.6 |
4.7 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
1.5 |
| Japan |
2.3 |
2.0 |
0.7 |
- |
0.7 |
2.4 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
0.7 |
-0.1 |
0.1 |
1.8 |
0.6 |
| Total above, including Japan |
5.0 |
4.3 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
1.4 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| European Union b |
6.9 |
5.9 |
3.5 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
3.5 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
| Euro area |
7.0 |
5.5 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
Source:
National statistics.
Note:
All aggregates exclude Israel and Turkey.
a
West Germany 1984-1991.
b
Fifteen countries.
APPENDIX TABLE B.1
Real GDP/NMP in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998
(Indices, 1989=100)
| |
1980 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
88.7 |
94.8 |
97.8 |
99.4 |
100.8 |
100.0 |
93.2 |
82.9 |
78.9 |
78.7 |
81.9 |
86.7 |
90.0 |
92.0 |
93.4 |
| Albania |
79.4 |
88.2 |
93.1 |
92.4 |
91.0 |
100.0 |
90.0 |
64.8 |
60.1 |
65.9 |
71.4 |
80.9 |
88.2 |
82.0 |
88.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bulgaria |
76.2 |
89.9 |
93.6 |
99.3 |
101.9 |
100.0 |
90.9 |
83.3 |
77.2 |
76.1 |
77.5 |
79.7 |
71.6 |
66.6 |
69.0 |
| Croatia a |
99.0 |
99.8 |
102.6 |
102.5 |
101.6 |
100.0 |
92.9 |
73.3 |
64.7 |
59.5 |
63.0 |
67.3 |
71.4 |
76.0 |
78.1 |
| Czech Republic |
.. |
91.3 |
93.2 |
93.7 |
95.7 |
100.0 |
98.8 |
87.4 |
84.6 |
85.0 |
87.8 |
93.4 |
97.0 |
98.0 |
95.3 |
| Hungary |
86.3 |
94.1 |
95.5 |
99.4 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
96.5 |
85.0 |
82.4 |
81.9 |
84.4 |
85.6 |
86.8 |
90.7 |
95.3 |
| Poland |
91.1 |
90.3 |
94.1 |
95.9 |
99.8 |
100.0 |
88.4 |
82.2 |
84.4 |
87.6 |
92.1 |
98.6 |
104.5 |
111.7 |
117.1 |
| Romania |
88.5 |
103.4 |
105.8 |
106.7 |
106.2 |
100.0 |
94.4 |
82.2 |
75.0 |
76.2 |
79.2 |
84.8 |
88.2 |
82.1 |
76.1 |
| Slovakia |
.. |
91.0 |
94.8 |
97.1 |
99.0 |
100.0 |
97.5 |
83.3 |
77.9 |
75.1 |
78.7 |
84.2 |
89.7 |
95.6 |
99.8 |
| Slovenia |
98.9 |
100.9 |
104.1 |
103.5 |
100.5 |
100.0 |
91.9 |
83.7 |
79.1 |
81.4 |
85.7 |
89.3 |
92.4 |
96.6 |
100.4 |
| The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia |
93.3 |
96.0 |
102.7 |
101.4 |
98.1 |
100.0 |
89.8 |
83.5 |
76.8 |
69.9 |
68.6 |
67.8 |
68.3 |
69.3 |
71.4 |
| Yugoslavia a |
95.7 |
98.7 |
101.4 |
100.2 |
98.8 |
100.0 |
92.1 |
81.4 |
58.7 |
40.6 |
41.7 |
44.2 |
46.8 |
50.3 |
51.6 |
| Baltic states |
67.8 |
81.4 |
85.6 |
89.0 |
96.0 |
100.0 |
97.8 |
89.9 |
67.9 |
58.2 |
55.2 |
56.4 |
58.8 |
63.7 |
66.5 |
| Estonia |
74.5 |
85.7 |
88.2 |
89.2 |
93.8 |
100.0 |
91.9 |
82.7 |
71.0 |
65.0 |
63.7 |
66.4 |
69.0 |
76.3 |
79.4 |
| Latvia |
68.5 |
81.3 |
85.1 |
89.0 |
93.6 |
100.0 |
102.9 |
92.2 |
60.1 |
51.1 |
51.5 |
51.0 |
52.7 |
57.3 |
59.3 |
| Lithuania |
64.7 |
79.8 |
84.9 |
88.9 |
98.4 |
100.0 |
96.7 |
91.2 |
71.8 |
60.2 |
54.3 |
56.1 |
58.7 |
63.0 |
66.2 |
| CIS b c |
77.5 |
90.4 |
92.4 |
93.9 |
98.1 |
100.0 |
96.8 |
90.9 |
78.0 |
70.4 |
60.3 |
56.9 |
55.0 |
55.5 |
54.0 |
| Armenia |
73.5 |
95.9 |
97.7 |
94.5 |
92.2 |
100.0 |
94.5 |
83.4 |
48.6 |
44.3 |
46.7 |
49.9 |
52.8 |
54.5 |
58.4 |
| Azerbaijan |
79.6 |
98.8 |
100.6 |
105.1 |
109.7 |
100.0 |
88.3 |
87.7 |
67.9 |
52.2 |
41.9 |
37.0 |
37.4 |
39.6 |
43.6 |
| Belarus |
65.7 |
85.2 |
88.9 |
91.3 |
92.4 |
100.0 |
98.0 |
96.8 |
87.5 |
80.8 |
70.6 |
63.3 |
65.1 |
72.5 |
78.5 |
| Georgia |
79.4 |
100.0 |
98.8 |
96.8 |
103.6 |
100.0 |
84.9 |
67.0 |
36.9 |
26.1 |
23.4 |
24.0 |
26.6 |
29.6 |
30.5 |
| Kazakhstan |
87.0 |
90.8 |
92.3 |
92.1 |
100.1 |
100.0 |
99.0 |
88.1 |
83.4 |
75.8 |
66.2 |
60.8 |
61.1 |
62.1 |
60.6 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
69.1 |
82.9 |
83.6 |
84.7 |
95.6 |
100.0 |
104.8 |
96.5 |
83.2 |
70.3 |
56.2 |
53.1 |
56.9 |
62.5 |
63.7 |
| Republic of Moldova |
72.1 |
82.6 |
89.2 |
90.3 |
91.9 |
100.0 |
97.6 |
80.5 |
57.2 |
56.5 |
39.0 |
38.3 |
35.3 |
35.9 |
32.8 |
| Russian Federation |
78.1 |
90.7 |
92.9 |
94.2 |
98.4 |
100.0 |
97.0 |
92.2 |
78.8 |
71.9 |
62.8 |
60.2 |
58.1 |
58.6 |
55.9 |
| Tajikistan |
80.8 |
91.8 |
95.0 |
93.9 |
106.9 |
100.0 |
100.2 |
91.7 |
62.1 |
52.0 |
40.9 |
35.8 |
29.8 |
30.3 |
32.0 |
| Turkmenistan |
80.7 |
89.5 |
93.4 |
97.1 |
107.5 |
100.0 |
101.8 |
97.0 |
82.5 |
83.7 |
69.2 |
64.2 |
68.5 |
60.7 |
63.8 |
| Ukraine |
75.0 |
88.7 |
90.0 |
93.4 |
95.2 |
100.0 |
96.4 |
88.0 |
79.2 |
68.0 |
52.4 |
46.0 |
41.4 |
40.1 |
39.4 |
| Uzbekistan |
76.0 |
88.1 |
88.0 |
88.4 |
97.0 |
100.0 |
99.2 |
98.7 |
87.7 |
85.7 |
81.2 |
80.5 |
81.9 |
86.1 |
89.9 |
| Total above |
80.3 |
91.4 |
93.7 |
95.2 |
98.7 |
100.0 |
95.9 |
88.8 |
78.0 |
72.3 |
65.9 |
64.7 |
64.2 |
65.3 |
64.5 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CETE-5 |
88.6 |
92.2 |
95.1 |
97.3 |
99.6 |
100.0 |
93.3 |
84.1 |
83.2 |
84.6 |
88.2 |
93.3 |
97.7 |
102.6 |
105.8 |
| SETE-7 |
88.8 |
99.3 |
102.4 |
103.1 |
102.9 |
100.0 |
93.1 |
80.7 |
71.4 |
68.4 |
70.8 |
75.2 |
76.6 |
73.6 |
71.7 |
| Czechoslovakia b |
84.9 |
92.7 |
95.1 |
97.0 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
98.5 |
84.4 |
78.8 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Yugoslavia (SFR) a |
97.7 |
99.5 |
103.0 |
101.0 |
99.4 |
100.0 |
92.4 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Former Soviet Union b |
77.3 |
90.1 |
92.2 |
93.8 |
98.0 |
100.0 |
96.8 |
90.8 |
77.7 |
70.1 |
60.2 |
56.9 |
55.1 |
55.8 |
54.3 |
| Former GDR |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
84.5 |
68.3 |
73.6 |
80.4 |
88.2 |
92.0 |
95.0 |
96.6 |
98.5 |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics (IMF and World Bank data for Albania).
Note:
Data for the east European countries are based on a GDP measure, except where otherwise mentioned. For the countries of the former Soviet Union, NMP data for 1980-1990 were chain-linked to GDP data from 1990. Country indices were aggregated with previous year PPP-based weights obtained from the European Comparison Programme for 1996.
a Gross material product (1980-1989 for Croatia).
b Sum of individual country data for former members.
c Net material product for 1980-1990 (until 1992 in the case of Turkmenistan).
APPENDIX TABLE B.2
Real total consumption expenditure in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998
(Indices, 1989=100 or earliest year available thereafter)
| |
1980 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Bulgaria |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
100.6 |
92.3 |
89.4 |
86.2 |
82.3 |
80.7 |
75.3 |
64.0 |
.. |
| Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
87.2 |
85.3 |
92.0 |
106.6 |
109.2 |
.. |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
.. |
.. |
.. |
91.3 |
93.1 |
100.0 |
104.9 |
81.0 |
88.2 |
90.4 |
92.6 |
96.5 |
102.5 |
103.2 |
101.7 |
| Hungary |
92.2 |
99.2 |
101.5 |
104.9 |
102.0 |
100.0 |
97.3 |
92.2 |
92.8 |
97.9 |
95.6 |
89.3 |
86.6 |
88.6 |
.. |
| Poland |
108.0 |
105.1 |
109.3 |
111.8 |
114.7 |
100.0 |
88.3 |
94.9 |
98.2 |
103.0 |
106.9 |
110.4 |
118.4 |
125.6 |
.. |
| Romania |
83.9 |
85.4 |
85.8 |
88.7 |
90.6 |
100.0 |
108.9 |
96.0 |
90.7 |
91.8 |
95.3 |
105.5 |
112.9 |
108.0 |
104.1 |
| Slovakia |
.. |
81.8 |
85.4 |
89.2 |
92.1 |
100.0 |
103.3 |
76.9 |
75.6 |
74.3 |
71.6 |
73.9 |
82.0 |
85.5 |
88.5 |
| Slovenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
91.6 |
88.8 |
99.1 |
102.6 |
110.2 |
113.1 |
117.2 |
.. |
| Estonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
101.2 |
110.4 |
116.5 |
124.4 |
131.9 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
76.7 |
49.2 |
46.5 |
47.4 |
47.0 |
50.8 |
52.7 |
.. |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
102.6 |
112.3 |
.. |
| Armenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
97.4 |
84.9 |
66.4 |
68.9 |
74.5 |
76.8 |
81.5 |
.. |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
80.3 |
78.0 |
84.3 |
93.2 |
.. |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
93.4 |
84.0 |
82.1 |
72.1 |
65.3 |
67.4 |
73.8 |
.. |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
79.2 |
77.1 |
45.4 |
42.4 |
46.1 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
96.8 |
96.1 |
84.9 |
67.7 |
55.1 |
51.2 |
51.8 |
.. |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
87.2 |
77.1 |
62.0 |
52.0 |
55.3 |
50.8 |
50.4 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
82.6 |
90.3 |
99.8 |
111.6 |
105.3 |
| Russian Federation |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
93.9 |
89.0 |
88.1 |
85.4 |
83.1 |
81.3 |
82.7 |
80.6 |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
94.3 |
88.6 |
72.0 |
65.0 |
62.6 |
57.4 |
59.3 |
.. |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.
APPENDIX TABLE B.3
Real gross fixed capital formation in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998
(Indices, 1989=100 or earliest year available thereafter)
| |
1980 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Bulgaria |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
100.0 |
80.0 |
74.1 |
61.2 |
61.9 |
71.8 |
56.6 |
44.1 |
.. |
| Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
88.5 |
94.5 |
93.6 |
108.2 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
.. |
.. |
.. |
93.4 |
99.4 |
100.0 |
97.9 |
80.5 |
87.7 |
81.0 |
95.0 |
114.9 |
124.9 |
118.8 |
114.4 |
| Hungary |
114.7 |
94.6 |
100.8 |
110.7 |
100.6 |
100.0 |
92.9 |
83.1 |
81.0 |
82.6 |
92.9 |
88.9 |
94.8 |
103.6 |
115.4 |
| Poland |
124.6 |
111.4 |
116.4 |
116.5 |
126.5 |
100.0 |
75.2 |
71.9 |
73.6 |
75.7 |
82.6 |
96.2 |
115.2 |
140.1 |
.. |
| Romania |
163.7 |
161.5 |
163.3 |
161.0 |
157.6 |
100.0 |
64.4 |
44.0 |
48.9 |
52.9 |
63.9 |
68.3 |
72.2 |
70.1 |
57.4 |
| Slovakia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
74.8 |
71.5 |
68.5 |
64.7 |
64.6 |
90.3 |
103.3 |
114.7 |
| Slovenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
88.5 |
77.1 |
85.4 |
97.4 |
113.8 |
124.2 |
138.3 |
.. |
| Estonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
106.2 |
110.5 |
123.1 |
144.6 |
156.3 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
36.1 |
25.7 |
21.6 |
21.8 |
23.7 |
29.0 |
32.2 |
.. |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
110.9 |
137.0 |
.. |
| Armenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
67.0 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
11.5 |
9.5 |
10.5 |
11.7 |
.. |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
61.0 |
115.3 |
94.5 |
199.8 |
333.7 |
.. |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
105.3 |
85.6 |
79.1 |
68.3 |
48.1 |
46.6 |
57.4 |
.. |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
67.3 |
49.2 |
18.5 |
133.4 |
219.9 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
74.2 |
61.9 |
44.2 |
39.2 |
24.3 |
18.5 |
19.1 |
.. |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
70.7 |
55.3 |
39.3 |
63.2 |
54.9 |
38.7 |
33.1 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
56.5 |
54.5 |
68.1 |
64.9 |
64.8 |
| Russian Federation |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
84.5 |
49.4 |
36.7 |
27.1 |
25.1 |
20.9 |
19.9 |
18.5 |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
81.6 |
69.3 |
48.2 |
28.4 |
19.7 |
15.2 |
14.2 |
.. |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.
APPENDIX TABLE B.4
Real gross industrial output in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998
(Indices, 1989=100)
| |
1980 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
82.8 |
92.2 |
96.0 |
98.5 |
100.6 |
100.0 |
85.9 |
70.1 |
62.8 |
61.3 |
65.3 |
70.2 |
73.8 |
77.4 |
78.5 |
| Albania |
77.0 |
87.5 |
91.9 |
93.3 |
95.2 |
100.0 |
86.7 |
50.4 |
35.2 |
31.7 |
25.8 |
23.9 |
27.2 |
25.7 |
28.2 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
106.0 |
104.1 |
104.1 |
101.1 |
98.1 |
100.0 |
101.8 |
76.9 |
25.5 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
2.8 |
5.2 |
7.0 |
8.7 |
| Bulgaria |
71.3 |
88.3 |
92.4 |
98.0 |
101.1 |
100.0 |
83.2 |
66.4 |
54.2 |
48.8 |
54.0 |
56.4 |
58.2 |
52.6 |
47.6 |
| Croatia |
88.7 |
95.1 |
99.4 |
102.0 |
100.6 |
100.0 |
88.7 |
63.4 |
54.2 |
51.0 |
49.6 |
49.7 |
51.3 |
54.8 |
56.8 |
| Czech Republic |
81.5 |
92.0 |
94.5 |
96.5 |
98.5 |
100.0 |
96.6 |
75.7 |
69.8 |
66.1 |
67.4 |
73.3 |
74.8 |
78.1 |
79.4 |
| Hungary |
92.9 |
102.1 |
104.0 |
106.4 |
105.3 |
100.0 |
90.7 |
74.1 |
66.9 |
69.6 |
76.3 |
79.8 |
82.5 |
91.7 |
103.2 |
| Poland |
86.3 |
88.5 |
92.3 |
95.5 |
100.5 |
100.0 |
75.8 |
69.7 |
71.7 |
76.3 |
85.5 |
93.8 |
101.6 |
113.3 |
118.6 |
| Romania |
76.9 |
90.5 |
96.8 |
99.2 |
101.9 |
100.0 |
81.9 |
63.3 |
49.4 |
50.1 |
51.7 |
56.6 |
60.1 |
55.8 |
46.3 |
| Slovakia |
76.7 |
91.6 |
95.2 |
98.6 |
100.8 |
100.0 |
94.0 |
73.1 |
66.1 |
62.5 |
66.8 |
72.3 |
74.1 |
75.3 |
79.1 |
| Slovenia |
90.3 |
101.0 |
102.7 |
101.6 |
98.9 |
100.0 |
89.5 |
78.4 |
68.1 |
66.1 |
70.4 |
71.8 |
72.5 |
73.2 |
75.9 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
72.1 |
88.6 |
95.0 |
97.3 |
95.6 |
100.0 |
89.4 |
74.0 |
62.3 |
53.7 |
48.0 |
42.9 |
44.3 |
45.0 |
47.0 |
| Yugoslavia |
80.0 |
93.6 |
96.8 |
97.6 |
98.4 |
100.0 |
88.0 |
72.5 |
57.0 |
35.7 |
36.2 |
37.6 |
40.4 |
44.2 |
45.8 |
| Baltic states |
72.1 |
84.8 |
88.9 |
92.7 |
96.6 |
100.0 |
98.6 |
95.1 |
64.7 |
44.4 |
36.3 |
37.1 |
38.9 |
42.2 |
44.0 |
| Estonia |
78.5 |
90.2 |
93.5 |
96.3 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
92.8 |
59.8 |
48.6 |
47.1 |
48.0 |
49.7 |
57.3 |
57.5 |
| Latvia |
72.5 |
86.6 |
89.9 |
93.7 |
97.1 |
100.0 |
100.8 |
100.2 |
65.6 |
44.6 |
40.1 |
38.7 |
40.8 |
46.4 |
47.3 |
| Lithuania |
70.0 |
82.6 |
87.2 |
91.2 |
95.6 |
100.0 |
97.4 |
94.0 |
65.8 |
43.2 |
31.7 |
33.4 |
35.0 |
36.2 |
38.7 |
| CIS a |
73.4 |
87.3 |
91.2 |
94.5 |
98.2 |
100.0 |
99.9 |
93.2 |
78.4 |
68.6 |
53.8 |
50.9 |
49.1 |
50.4 |
48.8 |
| Armenia |
76.3 |
100.7 |
105.3 |
110.3 |
109.1 |
100.0 |
92.5 |
85.4 |
44.2 |
39.7 |
41.8 |
42.4 |
43.0 |
43.4 |
42.3 |
| Azerbaijan |
76.1 |
94.5 |
92.7 |
96.1 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
93.7 |
98.2 |
74.9 |
69.7 |
53.9 |
44.6 |
41.6 |
41.7 |
42.7 |
| Belarus |
61.1 |
79.0 |
84.3 |
89.9 |
95.6 |
100.0 |
102.1 |
101.1 |
91.6 |
82.4 |
68.3 |
60.3 |
62.4 |
74.2 |
82.3 |
| Georgia |
70.6 |
91.8 |
93.9 |
96.2 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
94.3 |
73.0 |
39.6 |
25.0 |
15.2 |
13.2 |
14.1 |
15.2 |
14.8 |
| Kazakhstan |
72.4 |
85.8 |
90.2 |
94.1 |
97.6 |
100.0 |
99.2 |
98.3 |
84.7 |
72.2 |
51.9 |
47.7 |
47.8 |
49.7 |
48.7 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
66.7 |
84.2 |
87.8 |
89.0 |
95.1 |
100.0 |
99.4 |
99.1 |
72.9 |
54.5 |
39.2 |
32.2 |
35.1 |
52.8 |
55.2 |
| Republic of Moldova b |
68.7 |
85.1 |
87.3 |
91.6 |
94.6 |
100.0 |
103.2 |
91.7 |
66.9 |
67.1 |
48.5 |
46.6 |
43.6 |
43.6 |
38.8 |
| Russian Federation |
74.4 |
87.8 |
91.8 |
95.0 |
98.6 |
100.0 |
99.9 |
91.9 |
75.4 |
64.7 |
51.2 |
49.5 |
47.5 |
48.5 |
46.0 |
| Tajikistan |
72.9 |
87.1 |
88.7 |
93.1 |
98.2 |
100.0 |
101.2 |
97.6 |
73.9 |
68.1 |
50.8 |
43.9 |
33.4 |
32.7 |
35.4 |
| Turkmenistan |
75.4 |
86.0 |
90.1 |
92.9 |
96.9 |
100.0 |
103.2 |
108.2 |
92.0 |
95.7 |
72.1 |
67.5 |
80.8 |
54.7 |
54.8 |
| Ukraine |
72.6 |
86.4 |
90.0 |
93.4 |
97.3 |
100.0 |
99.9 |
95.1 |
89.0 |
81.9 |
59.5 |
52.4 |
49.7 |
49.6 |
48.8 |
| Uzbekistan |
68.5 |
86.0 |
91.2 |
93.4 |
96.5 |
100.0 |
101.8 |
103.3 |
96.4 |
99.9 |
101.5 |
101.6 |
104.2 |
108.5 |
114.8 |
| Total above |
76.5 |
88.9 |
92.8 |
95.8 |
99.0 |
100.0 |
95.2 |
85.5 |
72.8 |
65.6 |
57.2 |
57.0 |
57.2 |
59.3 |
58.7 |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CETE-5 |
85.4 |
92.8 |
95.8 |
98.3 |
100.7 |
100.0 |
87.0 |
73.1 |
69.6 |
70.3 |
76.0 |
82.2 |
86.3 |
93.5 |
98.2 |
| SETE-7 |
78.6 |
91.4 |
96.3 |
98.8 |
100.6 |
100.0 |
84.1 |
65.4 |
52.0 |
47.0 |
48.3 |
51.1 |
54.0 |
51.9 |
47.1 |
| Czechoslovakia |
80.5 |
91.9 |
94.8 |
97.2 |
99.2 |
100.0 |
96.5 |
75.2 |
67.6 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Yugoslavia (SFR) a |
86.9 |
96.4 |
99.3 |
99.7 |
98.7 |
100.0 |
88.3 |
71.7 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Former Soviet Union |
73.4 |
87.2 |
91.1 |
94.5 |
98.2 |
100.0 |
99.8 |
93.3 |
77.9 |
67.7 |
53.1 |
50.4 |
48.8 |
50.1 |
48.7 |
| Former GDR |
75.2 |
89.5 |
92.5 |
94.7 |
97.7 |
100.0 |
72.7 |
37.0 |
34.8 |
36.8 |
42.0 |
44.4 |
45.9 |
48.5 |
52.2 |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics (IMF and World Bank data for Albania).
Note:
Data for former Czechoslovakia and the SFR of Yugoslavia for 1980 to the breakup obtained as sum of individual country data for former members. For the countries of the former Soviet Union, data for 1980-1990 were chain-linked to national or CIS data from 1990. Country indices were aggregated with previous year PPP-based weights on the basis of data obtained from the European Comparison Programme for 1996.
a
Generated from components.
b
Excluding Transdniestria since 1993.
APPENDIX TABLE B.5
Total employment in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998
(Indices, 1989=100)
| |
1980 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
94.7 |
96.6 |
97.4 |
98.0 |
97.9 |
100.0 |
97.0 |
90.7 |
85.0 |
82.3 |
82.3 |
81.9 |
82.5 |
82.7 |
.. |
| Albania |
77.9 |
90.1 |
93.1 |
95.9 |
97.6 |
100.0 |
99.2 |
97.5 |
76.0 |
72.7 |
80.7 |
79.0 |
77.5 |
76.9 |
76.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
100.0 |
94.6 |
58.1 |
22.1 |
9.9 |
9.1 |
10.1 |
22.5 |
34.4 |
36.4 |
| Bulgaria |
100.0 |
102.2 |
102.5 |
102.8 |
102.4 |
100.0 |
93.9 |
81.6 |
75.0 |
73.8 |
74.3 |
75.2 |
75.3 |
72.3 |
71.2 |
| Croatia |
87.4 |
95.9 |
98.6 |
100.6 |
100.4 |
100.0 |
96.9 |
88.5 |
77.9 |
76.5 |
74.8 |
73.9 |
73.9 |
73.4 |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
95.3 |
97.5 |
98.5 |
98.9 |
99.4 |
100.0 |
99.1 |
93.6 |
91.2 |
89.7 |
90.4 |
92.8 |
93.4 |
92.4 |
90.2 |
| Hungary a |
104.2 |
102.6 |
102.6 |
101.7 |
100.7 |
100.0 |
96.7 |
86.8 |
77.0 |
72.1 |
70.6 |
69.3 |
69.0 |
69.1 |
70.3 |
| Poland |
102.0 |
100.8 |
101.1 |
100.8 |
100.1 |
100.0 |
95.8 |
90.1 |
86.3 |
84.3 |
85.1 |
86.7 |
88.3 |
90.8 |
91.1 |
| Romania b |
94.6 |
96.7 |
97.5 |
97.9 |
98.7 |
100.0 |
99.0 |
98.5 |
95.5 |
91.9 |
91.5 |
86.7 |
85.7 |
82.4 |
.. |
| Slovakia a |
91.3 |
96.8 |
98.4 |
99.4 |
100.2 |
100.0 |
98.2 |
85.9 |
80.4 |
80.4 |
78.9 |
80.7 |
81.3 |
81.5 |
81.2 |
| Slovenia c |
84.0 |
88.9 |
90.4 |
101.9 |
101.3 |
100.0 |
96.1 |
88.7 |
83.8 |
81.3 |
79.3 |
79.1 |
78.7 |
78.6 |
78.7 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
79.1 |
92.7 |
96.0 |
100.5 |
100.1 |
100.0 |
98.5 |
95.6 |
91.2 |
86.2 |
81.7 |
73.9 |
70.6 |
66.8 |
65.0 |
| Yugoslavia |
83.4 |
93.7 |
96.5 |
99.0 |
99.8 |
100.0 |
97.0 |
94.1 |
90.9 |
88.3 |
86.5 |
85.3 |
84.8 |
89.9 |
89.7 |
| Baltic states d |
94.9 |
98.0 |
98.8 |
99.4 |
99.6 |
100.0 |
98.5 |
98.9 |
94.4 |
89.0 |
83.2 |
80.6 |
80.1 |
80.9 |
65.1 |
| Estonia |
.. |
96.7 |
97.9 |
97.6 |
97.6 |
100.0 |
98.6 |
96.4 |
91.4 |
84.5 |
82.7 |
78.3 |
77.0 |
77.4 |
.. |
| Latvia |
97.0 |
99.1 |
99.8 |
100.4 |
100.5 |
100.0 |
100.1 |
99.3 |
92.0 |
85.6 |
77.0 |
74.3 |
72.3 |
73.7 |
74.1 |
| Lithuania |
93.4 |
97.7 |
98.5 |
99.5 |
99.8 |
100.0 |
97.3 |
99.7 |
97.5 |
93.4 |
88.0 |
86.4 |
87.2 |
87.7 |
87.0 |
| CIS |
94.3 |
97.8 |
98.3 |
98.9 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
100.2 |
98.9 |
96.5 |
94.1 |
91.3 |
90.4 |
89.6 |
88.3 |
.. |
| Armenia |
86.6 |
97.2 |
98.6 |
99.5 |
101.4 |
100.0 |
102.4 |
105.0 |
99.2 |
97.0 |
93.5 |
92.8 |
90.2 |
86.2 |
84.9 |
| Azerbaijan |
79.8 |
90.9 |
92.7 |
95.2 |
95.8 |
100.0 |
100.9 |
105.8 |
101.4 |
101.2 |
99.0 |
98.5 |
100.5 |
100.7 |
101.1 |
| Belarus |
95.4 |
98.4 |
98.8 |
99.0 |
99.5 |
100.0 |
99.1 |
96.6 |
94.1 |
92.9 |
90.4 |
84.8 |
84.0 |
84.1 |
84.5 |
| Georgia |
92.7 |
98.8 |
100.1 |
101.0 |
101.1 |
100.0 |
102.3 |
93.3 |
73.5 |
66.4 |
64.8 |
79.0 |
79.1 |
82.7 |
83.3 |
| Kazakhstan |
86.2 |
92.6 |
93.5 |
94.7 |
96.0 |
100.0 |
101.3 |
100.1 |
98.3 |
89.9 |
85.4 |
85.0 |
84.6 |
84.0 |
81.8 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
81.9 |
92.8 |
95.0 |
97.9 |
98.7 |
100.0 |
100.5 |
99.6 |
105.6 |
96.6 |
94.6 |
94.4 |
95.0 |
97.1 |
97.5 |
| Republic of Moldova e |
97.3 |
99.5 |
99.6 |
99.7 |
98.9 |
100.0 |
99.1 |
99.0 |
98.0 |
80.7 |
80.4 |
80.0 |
79.4 |
78.7 |
77.7 |
| Russian Federation |
96.9 |
99.1 |
99.5 |
99.7 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
99.6 |
97.7 |
95.3 |
93.7 |
90.6 |
87.9 |
87.2 |
85.5 |
84.1 |
| Tajikistan |
76.7 |
89.5 |
91.2 |
94.5 |
96.9 |
100.0 |
103.2 |
104.9 |
101.6 |
98.8 |
98.8 |
98.7 |
92.2 |
95.3 |
95.8 |
| Turkmenistan |
76.4 |
89.7 |
91.7 |
94.3 |
96.8 |
100.0 |
103.4 |
105.3 |
105.4 |
110.0 |
111.6 |
112.1 |
111.7 |
112.3 |
.. |
| Ukraine |
99.6 |
100.6 |
100.5 |
100.3 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
99.9 |
98.3 |
96.3 |
94.1 |
90.5 |
93.3 |
91.3 |
88.8 |
87.7 |
| Uzbekistan |
75.4 |
86.8 |
88.9 |
93.2 |
95.9 |
100.0 |
104.2 |
109.2 |
108.7 |
108.5 |
109.9 |
110.8 |
112.3 |
113.8 |
115.4 |
| Total above |
94.0 |
97.5 |
98.1 |
98.7 |
98.9 |
100.0 |
99.3 |
96.7 |
93.3 |
90.7 |
88.6 |
87.8 |
87.4 |
86.6 |
.. |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CETE-5 |
99.8 |
99.9 |
100.4 |
100.6 |
100.1 |
100.0 |
96.7 |
89.8 |
85.1 |
82.8 |
82.9 |
84.1 |
85.1 |
86.3 |
86.3 |
| SETE-7 |
87.8 |
92.2 |
93.4 |
94.4 |
94.9 |
100.0 |
97.4 |
92.0 |
85.0 |
81.7 |
81.5 |
79.0 |
78.9 |
77.8 |
.. |
| Former Soviet Union |
93.7 |
97.8 |
98.3 |
98.9 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
100.2 |
98.9 |
96.4 |
94.0 |
91.1 |
90.1 |
89.3 |
88.1 |
.. |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.
a
End of year, up to 1992, since 1992 onwards annual average.
b
End of year.
c
Self-employed excluded until 1987.
d
Excluding Estonia until 1985.
e
Excluding Transdniestria since 1993.
APPENDIX TABLE B.6
Registered unemployment in the ECE transition economies, 1990, 1994-1998
(Thousands and per cent of labour force, end of period)
| |
Thousands |
Per cent of labour force |
| |
1990 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1990 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
2 773 |
7 190 |
6 583 |
6 300 |
6 196 |
.. |
.. |
13.6 |
12.5 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
12.6 |
| Albania |
150 |
262 |
171 |
158 |
194 |
235 |
9.5 |
18.0 |
12.9 |
12.3 |
14.9 |
17.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
185 |
222 |
257 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
39* |
38* |
| Bulgaria |
72 |
488 |
424 |
478 |
524 |
465 |
1.8 |
12.8 |
11.1 |
12.5 |
13.7 |
12.2 |
| Croatia |
196 |
248 |
249 |
269 |
287 |
303 |
.. |
17.3 |
17.6 |
15.9 |
17.6 |
18.6 |
| Czech Republic |
39 |
167 |
153 |
186 |
269 |
387 |
0.7 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
3.5 |
5.2 |
7.5 |
| Hungary |
101 |
520 |
496 |
479 |
464 |
404 |
1.7 |
10.9 |
10.4 |
10.5 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
| Poland |
1 126 |
2 838 |
2 629 |
2 360 |
1 826 |
1 831 |
6.5 |
16.0 |
14.9 |
13.2 |
10.3 |
10.4 |
| Romania |
150 |
1 224 |
998 |
658 |
881 |
1025 |
1.3 |
10.9 |
9.5 |
6.6 |
8.8 |
10.3 |
| Slovakia |
40 |
372 |
330 |
330 |
348 |
427 |
1.6 |
14.8 |
13.1 |
12.8 |
12.5 |
15.6 |
| Slovenia |
55 |
124 |
127 |
125 |
129 |
127 |
.. |
14.2 |
14.5 |
14.4 |
14.8 |
14.6 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia a |
156 |
196 |
229 |
245 |
258 |
.. |
.. |
33.2 |
37.2 |
39.8 |
42* |
.. |
| Yugoslavia a |
688 |
751 |
777 |
827 |
794 |
849 |
.. |
23.9 |
24.7 |
26.1 |
25.6 |
27.2 |
| Baltic states |
.. |
197 |
245 |
237 |
236 |
269 |
.. |
5.3 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
6.3 |
7.3 |
| Estonia b |
.. |
35 |
34 |
37 |
31 |
35 |
.. |
5.1 |
5.0 |
5.6 |
4.6 |
5.1 |
| Latvia |
.. |
84 |
83 |
91 |
85 |
111 |
.. |
6.5 |
6.6 |
7.2 |
6.7 |
9.2 |
| Lithuania |
.. |
78 |
128 |
109 |
120 |
123 |
.. |
4.5 |
7.3 |
6.2 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
| CIS |
.. |
6 011 |
7 185 |
8 519 |
9 673 |
11 579 |
.. |
4.4 |
5.8 |
6.6 |
7.6 |
9.0 |
| Armenia |
.. |
92 |
132 |
159 |
174 |
134 |
.. |
6.0 |
8.1 |
9.7 |
11.0 |
8.9 |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
24 |
28 |
32 |
38 |
42 |
.. |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
| Belarus |
.. |
101 |
131 |
183 |
126 |
106 |
.. |
2.1 |
2.7 |
4 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
| Georgia |
.. |
76 |
61 |
58 |
143 |
99 |
.. |
3.8 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
8.0 |
4.2 |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
70 |
140 |
282 |
259 |
252 |
.. |
1.0 |
2.1 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
13 |
50 |
77 |
55 |
56 |
.. |
0.8 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
21 |
25 |
23 |
28 |
32 |
.. |
1.0 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
| Russian Federation c |
.. |
5 478 |
6 431 |
7280 |
8 133 |
9 728 |
.. |
7.5 |
8.9 |
10.0 |
11.2 |
13.3 |
| Tajikistan |
.. |
32 |
35 |
46 |
51 |
54 |
.. |
1.8 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
| Turkmenistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Ukraine |
.. |
82 |
127 |
351 |
637 |
1 003 |
.. |
0.3 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
2.8 |
4.3 |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
22 |
25 |
28 |
29 |
33 |
.. |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
| Total above |
.. |
13 398 |
14 013 |
15 056 |
16 105 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Memorandum items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CETE-5 |
1 361 |
4 021 |
3 735 |
3 480 |
3 036 |
3 176 |
.. |
12.9 |
12.0 |
11.2 |
9.8 |
10.2 |
| SETE-7 |
1 412 |
3 169 |
2 848 |
2 635 |
2 936 |
.. |
.. |
14.6 |
13.7 |
12.5 |
14.3 |
15.4 |
| Russian Federation d |
.. |
1 637 |
2 327 |
2 506 |
1 999 |
1 929 |
.. |
2.1 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
Source:
National statistics and direct communications from national statistical offices to UN/ECE secretariat.
a
The data reported on employment cover only the social sector in agriculture, hence unemployment rates are biased upwards. In Yugoslavia, according to the labour force survey, the unemployment rate was 13.7 per cent in October 1998, instead of the officially reported rate of some 27 per cent. Also, in The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, according to the labour force survey, the unemployment rate was 34.5 per cent in April 1998 instead of reported estimates of some 40 per cent.
b
Job seekers.
c
Based on Russian Federation Goskomstat's monthly estimates according to the ILO definition, i.e. including all persons not having employment but actively seeking work.
d
Registered unemployment.
APPENDIX TABLE B.7
Consumer prices in the ECE transition economies, 1989-1998
(Annual average, percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Albania |
.. |
.. |
35.5 |
193.1 |
85.0 |
21.5 |
8.0 |
12.7 |
33.1 |
20.3 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
36.8 |
594.0 |
116.2 |
64 218.3 |
38 825.1 |
553.5 |
-12.1 |
-21.2 |
11.8 |
4.9 |
| Bulgaria |
6.4 |
23.8 |
338.5 |
91.3 |
72.9 |
96.2 |
62.1 |
123.1 |
1 082.6 |
22.2 |
| Croatia a |
1 200.0 |
609.5 |
123.0 |
663.6 |
1 516.6 |
97.5 |
2.0 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
5.9 |
| Czech Republic |
1.4 |
9.9 |
56.7 |
11.1 |
20.8 |
10.0 |
9.1 |
8.9 |
8.4 |
10.6 |
| Hungary |
17.0 |
28.9 |
35.0 |
23.0 |
22.6 |
19.1 |
28.5 |
23.6 |
18.4 |
14.2 |
| Poland |
264.3 |
585.8 |
70.3 |
45.3 |
36.9 |
33.2 |
28.1 |
19.8 |
15.1 |
11.7 |
| Romania |
1.1 |
5.1 |
170.2 |
210.7 |
256.2 |
137.1 |
32.2 |
38.8 |
154.9 |
59.3 |
| Slovakia |
1.3 |
10.4 |
61.2 |
10.2 |
23.1 |
13.4 |
10.0 |
6.0 |
6.2 |
6.7 |
| Slovenia |
1 285.3 |
551.6 |
115.0 |
207.3 |
31.7 |
21.0 |
13.5 |
9.9 |
8.4 |
7.9 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia a |
1 246.0 |
608.4 |
114.9 |
1 505.5 |
353.1 |
121.0 |
16.9 |
4.1 |
3.6 |
1.0 |
| Yugoslavia |
1 265.0 |
580.0 |
122.0 |
8 926.0 |
2.2E+14 |
7.9E+10 |
71.8 |
90.5 |
23.2 |
30.4 |
| Estonia |
4.0 |
18.0 |
202.0 |
1 078.2 |
89.6 |
47.9 |
28.9 |
23.1 |
11.1 |
10.6 |
| Latvia |
5.2 |
10.9 |
172.2 |
951.2 |
109.1 |
35.7 |
25.0 |
17.7 |
8.5 |
4.7 |
| Lithuania |
2.1 |
9.1 |
216.4 |
1 020.5 |
410.1 |
72.0 |
39.5 |
24.7 |
8.8 |
5.1 |
| Armenia |
0.8 |
6.9 |
174.1 |
728.7 |
3 731.8 |
4 964.0 |
175.5 |
18.7 |
13.8 |
8.7 |
| Azerbaijan |
0.5 |
6.1 |
106.6 |
912.6 |
1 129.7 |
1 663.9 |
411.5 |
19.8 |
3.6 |
-0.8 |
| Belarus |
1.7 |
5.5 |
98.6 |
971.2 |
1 190.9 |
2 219.6 |
709.3 |
52.7 |
63.9 |
73.2 |
| Georgia |
0.9 |
4.2 |
78.7 |
1 176.9 |
4 084.9 |
22 470.6 |
177.6 |
39.4 |
6.9 |
3.6 |
| Kazakhstan |
1.8 |
5.6 |
114.5 |
1 504.3 |
1 662.7 |
1 879.5 |
175.9 |
39.1 |
17.4 |
7.3 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
1.6 |
5.5 |
113.9 |
854.6 |
1 208.7 |
278.1 |
42.9 |
30.3 |
25.5 |
12.1 |
| Republic of Moldova |
1.1 |
5.7 |
114.4 |
1 308.0 |
1 751.0 |
486.4 |
29.9 |
23.5 |
11.8 |
7.7 |
| Russian Federation |
2.5 |
5.3 |
100.3 |
1 528.7 |
875.0 |
309.0 |
197.4 |
47.8 |
14.7 |
27.8 |
| Tajikistan |
1.7 |
5.9 |
112.9 |
822.0 |
2 884.8 |
350.3 |
682.1 |
422.4 |
85.4 |
43.1 |
| Turkmenistan |
2.5 |
5.7 |
88.5 |
483.2 |
3 128.4 |
2 562.1 |
1 105.3 |
714.0 |
83.7 |
16.8 |
| Ukraine |
2.0 |
5.4 |
94.0 |
1 209.6 |
4 734.9 |
891.2 |
376.7 |
80.2 |
15.9 |
10.6 |
| Uzbekistan |
0.7 |
5.8 |
97.3 |
414.5 |
1 231.8 |
1 550.0 |
315.5 |
56.3 |
73.2 |
.. |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national statistics.
Note:
From 1992 onwards indices derived from monthly data. Retail prices for Bulgaria and CIS countries for 1989.
a
Retail prices.
APPENDIX TABLE B.8
Producer price indices in the ECE transition economies, 1989-1998
(Annual average, percentage change over preceding year)
| |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Albania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
129.5 |
70 374.7 |
10 967.6 |
1 184.8 |
68.7 |
-4.8 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
| Bulgaria |
2.8 |
14.7 |
296.4 |
56.1 |
28.3 |
59.1 |
48.9 |
129.7 |
888.1 |
22.8 |
| Croatia |
1 346.7 |
455.3 |
146.3 |
826.0 |
1 510.4 |
77.7 |
0.8 |
1.3 |
3.7 |
-1.5 |
| Czech Republic |
0.1 |
2.5 |
70.3 |
10.8 |
9.3 |
5.4 |
7.8 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
| Hungary |
15.4 |
22.0 |
32.6 |
12.3 |
14.1 |
12.3 |
28.5 |
22.3 |
20.9 |
11.4 |
| Poland |
212.8 |
622.4 |
40.9 |
28.0 |
32.6 |
31.0 |
26.0 |
13.4 |
12.2 |
7.2 |
| Romania |
.. |
26.9 |
220.1 |
184.8 |
165.0 |
140.7 |
35.3 |
50.0 |
150.5 |
33.6 |
| Slovakia |
- |
5.2 |
68.9 |
5.3 |
17.2 |
10.0 |
9.1 |
4.0 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
| Slovenia |
1 413.3 |
390.4 |
124.1 |
215.7 |
23.3 |
17.8 |
12.4 |
6.7 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
1 357.0 |
393.8 |
112.0 |
2 193.5 |
258.6 |
88.7 |
4.7 |
-0.1 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
| Yugoslavia |
1 301.0 |
468.0 |
124.0 |
8 993.0 |
1.4E+13 |
7.9E+10 |
75.7 |
88.8 |
20.6 |
25.9 |
| Estonia |
.. |
19.3 |
208.4 |
1 208.0 |
75.2 |
36.1 |
25.5 |
14.7 |
8.8 |
3.8 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
192.0 |
1 310.0 |
117.1 |
17.0 |
12.0 |
13.8 |
4.3 |
2.0 |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
148.2 |
1 510.0 |
391.7 |
44.7 |
28.7 |
16.5 |
6.0 |
-3.8 |
| Armenia |
.. |
.. |
120.0 |
947.0 |
892.0 |
4 394.4 |
187.8 |
36.3 |
21.7 |
4.7 |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
135.0 |
1 303.0 |
1 040.7 |
3 971.6 |
1 340.1 |
70.6 |
11.4 |
-5.5 |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
150.0 |
2 326.7 |
1 536.3 |
3 362.1 |
538.6 |
35.7 |
89.4 |
69.1 |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
193.0 |
2 369.0 |
1 342.0 |
2 952.2 |
173.6 |
24.8 |
15.6 |
1.0 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
160.0 |
1 664.0 |
831.0 |
223.6 |
34.0 |
31.0 |
27.0 |
9.4 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
130.0 |
1 210.9 |
1 078.5 |
711.7 |
52.2 |
30.2 |
14.9 |
9.7 |
| Russian Federation |
.. |
.. |
138.0 |
1 949.0 |
887.0 |
340.0 |
237.6 |
50.7 |
15.0 |
7.0 |
| Tajikistan |
.. |
.. |
163.0 |
1 316.5 |
1 080.0 |
665.5 |
351.7 |
342.2 |
107.2 |
28.4 |
| Turkmenistan |
.. |
.. |
211.0 |
994.0 |
1 610.0 |
911.0 |
296.5 |
2 974.9 |
260.6 |
-30.5 |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
122.0 |
2 668.8 |
4 698.3 |
901.2 |
450.8 |
54.6 |
15.1 |
13.2 |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
.. |
147.0 |
1 296.0 |
1 119.0 |
2 162.6 |
792.5 |
128.5 |
53.9 |
40.5 |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national statistics.
Note:
Indices generally derived from monthly data from 1992 onwards for east European countries and from 1994 for Baltic and CIS countries.
APPENDIX TABLE B.9
Nominal gross wages in industry in the ECE transition economies, 1990-1998
(Annual average, percentage change over preceding year) a
| |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Albania b |
.. |
.. |
.. |
69.5 |
34.5 |
29.3 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina c |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
249.4 |
50.8 |
31.1 |
| Bulgaria |
20.8 |
175.5 |
132.8 |
55.1 |
53.9 |
57.7 |
95.0 |
909.3 |
.. |
| Croatia c |
453.7 |
40.7 |
466.7 |
1 444.1 |
130.5 |
44.0 |
11.8 |
16.3 |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
3.0 |
16.5 |
21.0 |
22.6 |
16.9 |
18.3 |
17.7 |
12.0 |
10.8 |
| Hungary b |
27.2 |
33.4 |
24.3 |
24.9 |
21.4 |
21.0 |
21.7 |
21.8 |
16.6 |
| Poland c |
365.5 |
64.0 |
39.4 |
37.8 |
39.8 |
30.1 |
25.8 |
19.9 |
.. |
| Romania c |
9.7 |
125.0 |
173.5 |
210.7 |
139.4 |
55.3 |
56.7 |
99.5 |
53.1 |
| Slovakia b |
4.3 |
15.0 |
18.2 |
21.2 |
17.6 |
15.7 |
13.8 |
12.0 |
6.9 |
| Slovenia |
361.5 |
68.4 |
196.7 |
45.1 |
27.1 |
17.1 |
14.0 |
12.1 |
10.7 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia c |
433.6 |
79.2 |
1 083.7 |
454.0 |
105.8 |
11.1 |
3.6 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
| Yugoslavia c |
400.0 |
100.6 |
4 886.4 |
-62.5 |
229.6 |
74.1 |
74.5 |
41.7 |
39.6 |
| Estonia d |
.. |
122.2 |
570.3 |
93.3 |
71.3 |
34.6 |
23.8 |
19.7 |
.. |
| Latvia |
.. |
104.5 |
599.1 |
111.7 |
62.7 |
24.1 |
14.9 |
21.6 |
6.5 |
| Lithuania |
15.2 |
183.9 |
632.5 |
231.6 |
59.3 |
48.8 |
34.9 |
24.2 |
.. |
| Armenia |
6.0 |
46.9 |
341.1 |
737.3 |
3 345.9 |
203.9 |
78.8 |
31.6 |
.. |
| Azerbaijan |
4.4 |
82.9 |
870.4 |
700.8 |
575.7 |
354.8 |
53.0 |
36.8 |
.. |
| Belarus |
13.4 |
113.3 |
910.9 |
1 073.8 |
69.6 |
618.7 |
58.5 |
96.8 |
112.1 |
| Georgia |
6.0 |
33.9 |
457.3 |
2 114.7 |
23 327.5 |
87.5 |
145.4 |
12.7 |
.. |
| Kazakhstan |
11.0 |
91.5 |
1 056.0 |
1 008.6 |
1 422.8 |
178.2 |
30.9 |
22.5 |
.. |
| Kyrgyzstan |
0.5 |
62.1 |
638.3 |
745.6 |
176.3 |
54.8 |
29.1 |
60.3 |
-1.4 |
| Republic of Moldova |
14.2 |
90.1 |
815.0 |
773.0 |
284.4 |
37.1 |
38.7 |
24.9 |
.. |
| Russian Federation |
13.0 |
94.9 |
1 065.7 |
798.2 |
260.2 |
131.4 |
64.3 |
21.6 |
23.9 |
| Tajikistan |
8.0 |
76.2 |
550.2 |
917.5 |
142.2 |
139.2 |
418.3 |
85.4 |
.. |
| Turkmenistan |
.. |
83.8 |
1 010.1 |
1 467.7 |
622.2 |
686.2 |
915.3 |
121.5 |
25.4 |
| Ukraine |
.. |
107.6 |
1 421.7 |
2 296.2 |
747.0 |
403.5 |
107.1 |
17.0 |
.. |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
82.3 |
706.1 |
1 159.3 |
806.8 |
278.4 |
99.8 |
76.3 |
.. |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national statistics.
a
Calculated from reported annual average wages.
b
Gross wages in total economy. For Hungary for 1990-1992; for Slovakia for 1990-1991.
c
Net wages in industry. For Poland and Romania for 1990-1992.
d
Manufacturing for 1991-1993.
APPENDIX TABLE B.10
Merchandise exports of the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1986-1998
(Billion dollars)
| |
1980 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
56.367 |
60.117 |
63.550 |
65.020 |
63.850 |
61.733 |
57.241 |
59.333 |
62.675 |
72.937 |
94.777 |
100.206 |
107.382 |
119.269* |
| Albania |
0.320 |
0.230 |
0.230 |
0.230 |
0.302 |
0.231 |
0.101 |
0.072 |
0.123 |
0.139 |
0.202 |
0.213 |
0.141 |
0.207 |
| Bulgaria |
7.160 |
7.599 |
7.841 |
7.554 |
6.651 |
5.232 |
3.433 |
3.992 |
3.769 |
3.935 |
5.345 |
4.890 |
4.939 |
4.293 |
| Czechoslovakia |
10.475 |
12.160 |
12.355 |
12.381 |
11.988 |
10.728 |
11.319 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
8.767 |
14.463 |
15.882 |
21.273 |
22.180 |
22.779 |
26.358 |
| Slovakia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
3.500 |
5.458 |
6.714 |
8.585 |
8.822 |
9.639 |
10.667 |
| Hungary |
8.609 |
9.170 |
9.584 |
9.999 |
9.673 |
9.731 |
10.226 |
10.681 |
8.921 |
10.701 |
12.867 |
15.704 |
19.106 |
23.005 |
| Poland |
13.071 |
13.130 |
14.095 |
14.573 |
14.665 |
18.291 |
14.912 |
13.187 |
14.202 |
17.240 |
22.887 |
24.440 |
25.756 |
28.229 |
| Romania |
9.217 |
8.159 |
8.580 |
8.971 |
8.076 |
4.570 |
4.266 |
4.363 |
4.892 |
6.151 |
7.910 |
8.085 |
8.431 |
8.300 |
| Yugoslavia (SFR) |
7.514 |
9.669 |
10.866 |
11.311 |
12.496 |
12.950 |
12.984 |
14.772 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.550 |
2.100 |
1.850 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.024 |
0.058 |
0.193 |
0.452 |
| Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
2.300 |
2.600 |
4.020 |
3.310 |
4.353 |
3.709 |
4.260 |
4.633 |
4.512 |
4.171 |
4.541 |
| Slovenia |
1.836 |
2.567 |
2.757 |
3.278 |
3.408 |
4.118 |
3.874 |
6.681 |
6.083 |
6.828 |
8.316 |
8.310 |
8.369 |
9.050 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.654 |
1.113 |
1.095 |
1.199 |
1.055 |
1.086 |
1.204 |
1.147 |
1.180 |
1.310* |
| Yugoslavia |
.. |
3.974 |
4.063 |
4.298 |
4.461 |
4.651 |
4.704 |
2.539 |
.. |
.. |
1.531 |
1.846 |
2.677 |
2.858 |
| Baltic states |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
2.139 |
4.197 |
4.324 |
5.844 |
6.877 |
8.461 |
8.738 |
| Estonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.444 |
0.802 |
1.305 |
1.838 |
2.079 |
2.929 |
3.214 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.843 |
1.401 |
0.988 |
1.304 |
1.443 |
1.672 |
1.812 |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.852 |
1.994 |
2.031 |
2.705 |
3.355 |
3.860 |
3.712 |
| CIS |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
51.110 |
52.516 |
62.654 |
80.007 |
87.839 |
89.177 |
75.146* |
| Armenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.026 |
0.030 |
0.058 |
0.101 |
0.157 |
0.138 |
0.142 |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.754 |
0.351 |
0.378 |
0.352 |
0.341 |
0.403 |
0.320 |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.860 |
1.061 |
0.758 |
1.032 |
1.776 |
1.888 |
1.922 |
1.900 |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.068 |
0.069 |
0.039 |
0.057 |
0.070 |
0.102 |
0.089 |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.398 |
1.501 |
1.357 |
2.367 |
2.738 |
3.515 |
3.200 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.077 |
0.112 |
0.117 |
0.140 |
0.112 |
0.285 |
0.288 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.167 |
0.178 |
0.160 |
0.279 |
0.252 |
0.267 |
0.190 |
| Russian Federation a |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
47.266 |
42.376 |
44.297 |
53.001 |
65.607 |
70.975 |
69.954 |
57.700 |
| Tajikistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.108 |
0.227 |
0.399 |
0.497 |
0.439 |
0.473 |
0.394 |
| Turkmenistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.908 |
1.049 |
0.494 |
0.951 |
0.551 |
0.300 |
0.202* |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
3.297 |
3.223 |
4.653 |
6.168 |
6.995 |
8.643 |
8.200 |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.869 |
0.721 |
0.966 |
1.712 |
3.321 |
3.175 |
2.521* |
| Former Soviet Union |
57.942 |
60.043 |
63.406 |
62.016 |
62.286 |
59.056 |
46.660 |
53.733 |
56.713 |
66.978 |
85.851 |
94.716 |
97.638 |
83.884* |
| Total |
114.310 |
120.161 |
126.957 |
127.035 |
126.136 |
120.788 |
103.901 |
113.066 |
119.389 |
139.915 |
180.628 |
194.922 |
205.020 |
203.153* |
Source:
UN/ECE secretariat, based on national statistical publications and direct communications from national statistical offices.
Note:
Data exclude intra-CIS trade, but now include the "new trade" among members of other recently dissolved federal states: former Czechoslovakia (from 1993), the former SFR of Yugoslavia (from 1992), and the trade of the Baltic states with the former USSR (from 1992). Data excluding the "new trade" were shown in earlier issues of this publication. Changes in the method of recording trade are reflected from 1993 in data for the Czech Republic (inclusion of OPT transactions, etc), from 1995 in Latvia (imports registered c.i.f.) and Lithuania (change from special to general system), from 1996 in Hungary (inclusion of trade flows of free trade zones) and from 1997 in Slovakia (inclusion of OPT transactions, etc.).
All trade values for the years 1991-1998 are expressed in dollars at prevailing market exchange rates. For earlier years, values reported in national currencies were adjusted by the UN/ECE secretariat to remove distortions stemming from mutually inconsistent national rouble/dollar cross-rates in the valuation of the then important intra-CMEA trade flows. For details on the revaluation, see the note to table 2.1.3 and the discussion in box 2.1.1 in UN/ECE, Economic Bulletin for Europe, Vol. 43 (1991).
a
Data not adjusted for non-registered flows. Through 1997, GosTamkom data revised by the Russian Goskomstat and include off board sales of fish and other sea products as well as natural gas deliveries under debt repayment agreements with former CMEA countries.
APPENDIX TABLE B.11
Merchandise imports of the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1986-1998
(Billion dollars)
| |
1980 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
65.443 |
59.532 |
62.033 |
60.158 |
61.185 |
63.408 |
61.610 |
68.388 |
76.285 |
86.128 |
117.026 |
135.886 |
146.220 |
159.420* |
| Albania |
0.320 |
0.230 |
0.230 |
0.280 |
0.385 |
0.381 |
0.409 |
0.524 |
0.421 |
0.549 |
0.650 |
0.913 |
0.620 |
0.795 |
| Bulgaria |
6.321 |
8.679 |
8.222 |
8.131 |
7.325 |
5.584 |
2.700 |
4.530 |
5.120 |
4.272 |
5.638 |
5.074 |
4.932 |
4.995 |
| Czechoslovakia |
10.619 |
10.277 |
12.503 |
12.180 |
11.772 |
11.808 |
10.962 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
10.368 |
14.617 |
17.427 |
25.265 |
27.919 |
27.563 |
28.822 |
| Slovakia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
3.889 |
6.332 |
6.634 |
8.777 |
11.112 |
11.672 |
12.959 |
| Hungary |
9.188 |
9.594 |
9.859 |
9.372 |
8.863 |
8.797 |
11.449 |
11.123 |
12.648 |
14.554 |
15.466 |
18.144 |
21.240 |
25.706 |
| Poland |
14.705 |
12.315 |
12.686 |
12.987 |
12.941 |
12.619 |
15.531 |
16.141 |
18.758 |
21.566 |
29.043 |
37.137 |
42.308 |
47.054 |
| Romania |
11.061 |
6.411 |
6.355 |
5.361 |
5.834 |
6.889 |
5.793 |
6.260 |
6.522 |
7.109 |
10.278 |
11.435 |
11.280 |
11.821 |
| Yugoslavia (SFR) |
13.229 |
12.026 |
12.178 |
11.847 |
14.064 |
17.330 |
14.765 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.300 |
1.850 |
1.750 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.524 |
1.204 |
1.555 |
2.025 |
| Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
2.900 |
3.750 |
5.133 |
3.811 |
4.346 |
4.166 |
5.229 |
7.510 |
7.788 |
9.104 |
8.383 |
| Slovenia |
2.463 |
2.740 |
2.722 |
2.914 |
3.216 |
4.727 |
4.131 |
6.141 |
6.501 |
7.304 |
9.492 |
9.421 |
9.367 |
10.098 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.934 |
1.531 |
1.274 |
1.206 |
1.199 |
1.484 |
1.719 |
1.627 |
1.754 |
1.912* |
| Yugoslavia |
.. |
4.753 |
4.851 |
4.915 |
5.383 |
6.701 |
5.548 |
3.859 |
.. |
.. |
2.665 |
4.113 |
4.826 |
4.849 |
| Baltic states |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.802 |
4.101 |
5.251 |
8.006 |
10.110 |
12.812 |
13.744 |
| Estonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.406 |
0.896 |
1.659 |
2.540 |
3.231 |
4.444 |
4.759 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.794 |
0.961 |
1.240 |
1.818 |
2.320 |
2.724 |
3.189 |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.602 |
2.244 |
2.352 |
3.649 |
4.559 |
5.644 |
5.796 |
| CIS |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
42.203 |
33.354 |
36.745 |
45.680 |
49.670 |
57.977 |
50.259* |
| Armenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.050 |
0.086 |
0.188 |
0.340 |
0.568 |
0.593 |
0.675 |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.333 |
0.241 |
0.292 |
0.439 |
0.621 |
0.443 |
0.660 |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.751 |
0.779 |
0.975 |
1.887 |
2.369 |
2.872 |
3.000 |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.227 |
0.167 |
0.065 |
0.233 |
0.416 |
0.600 |
0.680 |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.469 |
0.494 |
1.384 |
1.154 |
1.296 |
1.969 |
2.200 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.071 |
0.112 |
0.108 |
0.169 |
0.351 |
0.274 |
0.393 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.179 |
0.184 |
0.183 |
0.272 |
0.420 |
0.567 |
0.600 |
| Russian Federation a |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
39.294 |
36.984 |
26.807 |
28.344 |
33.117 |
32.798 |
39.363 |
32.400 |
| Tajikistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.132 |
0.374 |
0.314 |
0.332 |
0.286 |
0.268 |
0.265 |
| Turkmenistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.030 |
0.501 |
0.782 |
0.619 |
0.924 |
0.531 |
0.471* |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
2.049 |
2.651 |
2.908 |
5.488 |
6.427 |
7.242 |
6.600 |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.929 |
0.958 |
1.202 |
1.630 |
3.195 |
3.255 |
2.315* |
| Former Soviet Union |
52.218 |
55.016 |
53.794 |
58.044 |
64.983 |
64.963 |
45.405 |
44.166 |
37.455 |
41.997 |
53.686 |
59.780 |
70.788 |
64.003* |
| Total |
117.661 |
114.548 |
115.827 |
118.202 |
126.168 |
128.371 |
106.901 |
112.554 |
113.740 |
128.124 |
170.712 |
195.667 |
217.008 |
223.422* |
Source:
UN/ECE secretariat, based on national statistical publications and direct communications from national statistical offices.
Note:
See appendix table B.10.
a
Data not adjusted for non-registered flows. Through 1997, GosTamkom data revised by the Russian Goskomstat and include off board sales of fish and other sea products as well as natural gas deliveries under debt repayment agreements with former CMEA countries.
APPENDIX TABLE B.12
Balance of merchandise trade of the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1986-1998
(Billion dollars)
| |
1980 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe |
-9.076 |
0.585 |
1.517 |
4.861 |
2.665 |
-1.675 |
-4.369 |
-9.055 |
-13.610 |
-13.190 |
-22.250 |
-35.681 |
-38.838 |
-40.151* |
| Albania |
- |
- |
- |
-0.050 |
-0.083 |
-0.150 |
-0.308 |
-0.452 |
-0.298 |
-0.410 |
-0.448 |
-0.701 |
-0.479 |
-0.589 |
| Bulgaria |
0.839 |
-1.080 |
-0.381 |
-0.577 |
-0.674 |
-0.352 |
0.732 |
-0.538 |
-1.352 |
-0.336 |
-0.293 |
-0.184 |
0.007 |
-0.702 |
| Czechoslovakia |
-0.144 |
1.882 |
-0.147 |
0.201 |
0.216 |
-1.080 |
0.356 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-1.601 |
-0.154 |
-1.545 |
-3.992 |
-5.739 |
-4.784 |
-2.464 |
| Slovakia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.389 |
-0.874 |
0.080 |
-0.192 |
-2.290 |
-2.033 |
-2.292 |
| Hungary |
-0.579 |
-0.423 |
-0.276 |
0.627 |
0.810 |
0.934 |
-1.223 |
-0.442 |
-3.727 |
-3.853 |
-2.599 |
-2.440 |
-2.134 |
-2.701 |
| Poland |
-1.634 |
0.815 |
1.409 |
1.586 |
1.724 |
5.672 |
-0.619 |
-2.955 |
-4.555 |
-4.326 |
-6.156 |
-12.697 |
-16.551 |
-18.825 |
| Romania |
-1.844 |
1.748 |
2.225 |
3.610 |
2.242 |
-2.320 |
-1.528 |
-1.897 |
-1.630 |
-0.958 |
-2.368 |
-3.351 |
-2.849 |
-3.521 |
| Yugoslavia (SFR) |
-5.715 |
-2.357 |
-1.312 |
-0.536 |
-1.568 |
-4.380 |
-1.780 |
14.772 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.250 |
0.250 |
0.100 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.500 |
-1.146 |
-1.362 |
-1.574 |
| Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.600 |
-1.150 |
-1.113 |
-0.501 |
0.007 |
-0.457 |
-0.969 |
-2.877 |
-3.276 |
-4.933 |
-3.842 |
| Slovenia |
-0.626 |
-0.173 |
0.035 |
0.365 |
0.192 |
-0.609 |
-0.257 |
0.540 |
-0.418 |
-0.476 |
-1.176 |
-1.111 |
-0.998 |
-1.048 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.280 |
-0.418 |
-0.179 |
-0.007 |
-0.144 |
-0.398 |
-0.515 |
-0.480 |
-0.574 |
-0.602* |
| Yugoslavia |
.. |
-0.779 |
-0.788 |
-0.617 |
-0.922 |
-2.050 |
-0.844 |
-1.320 |
.. |
.. |
-1.134 |
-2.267 |
-2.149 |
-1.991 |
| Baltic states |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.337 |
0.096 |
-0.927 |
-2.162 |
-3.232 |
-4.350 |
-5.006 |
| Estonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.038 |
-0.094 |
-0.353 |
-0.702 |
-1.152 |
-1.515 |
-1.545 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.049 |
0.440 |
-0.252 |
-0.514 |
-0.877 |
-1.052 |
-1.377 |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.250 |
-0.250 |
-0.322 |
-0.944 |
-1.204 |
-1.784 |
-2.084 |
| CIS |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
8.907 |
19.163 |
25.909 |
34.328 |
38.168 |
31.200 |
24.887* |
| Armenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.024 |
-0.056 |
-0.130 |
-0.239 |
-0.411 |
-0.456 |
-0.533 |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.422 |
0.110 |
0.086 |
-0.087 |
-0.280 |
-0.040 |
-0.340 |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.860 |
0.310 |
-0.021 |
0.057 |
-0.111 |
-0.481 |
-0.950 |
-1.100 |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.159 |
-0.098 |
-0.026 |
-0.176 |
-0.346 |
-0.498 |
-0.591 |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.930 |
1.007 |
-0.027 |
1.213 |
1.442 |
1.547 |
1.000 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.006 |
- |
0.009 |
-0.029 |
-0.239 |
0.011 |
-0.105 |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.012 |
-0.006 |
-0.023 |
0.007 |
-0.168 |
-0.300 |
-0.410 |
| Russian Federation a |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
7.972 |
5.392 |
17.491 |
24.657 |
32.490 |
38.177 |
30.591 |
25.300 |
| Tajikistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.024 |
-0.147 |
0.086 |
0.165 |
0.154 |
0.205 |
0.129 |
| Turkmenistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.879 |
0.548 |
-0.288 |
0.332 |
-0.374 |
-0.231 |
-0.269* |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.248 |
0.572 |
1.745 |
0.680 |
0.568 |
1.401 |
1.600 |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-0.060 |
-0.237 |
-0.236 |
0.082 |
0.126 |
-0.080 |
0.206* |
| Former Soviet Union |
5.724 |
5.027 |
9.612 |
3.972 |
-2.697 |
-5.907 |
1.255 |
9.567 |
19.259 |
24.982 |
32.165 |
34.936 |
26.850 |
19.881* |
| Total |
-3.351 |
5.613 |
11.130 |
8.833 |
-0.032 |
-7.583 |
-3.000 |
0.512 |
5.649 |
11.791 |
9.916 |
-0.745 |
-11.988 |
-20.269* |
Source:
UN/ECE secretariat, based on national statistical publications and direct communications from national statistical offices.
Note:
See appendix table B.10.
a
Data not adjusted for non-registered flows. Through 1997, GosTamkom data revised by the Russian Goskomstat and include off board sales of fish and other sea products as well as natural gas deliveries under debt repayment agreements with former CMEA countries.
APPENDIX TABLE B.13
Merchandise trade of the ECE transition economies by direction, 1980, 1986-1998
(Shares in total trade, per cent)
| |
1980 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe, to and from: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Exports |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| ECE transition economies |
48.5 |
52.5 |
50.2 |
46.5 |
44.4 |
38.1 |
28.5 |
23.0 |
28.2 |
26.3 |
25.8 |
26.1 |
26.1 |
22.5 |
| Former Soviet Union |
27.1 |
31.0 |
29.7 |
27.2 |
25.5 |
22.3 |
17.9 |
12.4 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
8.9 |
9.4 |
10.3 |
7.5 |
| Eastern Europe |
21.4 |
21.5 |
20.5 |
19.3 |
18.9 |
15.8 |
10.7 |
10.7 |
18.5 |
17.4 |
16.9 |
16.7 |
15.8 |
15.0 |
| Developed market economies |
35.7 |
32.3 |
35.2 |
38.7 |
42.6 |
49.5 |
59.8 |
63.0 |
58.0 |
62.5 |
64.5 |
65.0 |
66.4 |
71.5 |
| Developing economies |
15.8 |
15.2 |
14.6 |
14.8 |
13.0 |
12.4 |
11.7 |
14.0 |
13.8 |
11.2 |
9.7 |
8.9 |
7.5 |
6.0 |
| Imports |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| ECE transition economies |
42.0 |
50.3 |
45.6 |
40.5 |
36.4 |
26.6 |
25.5 |
24.7 |
29.3 |
26.1 |
25.3 |
23.8 |
22.1 |
19.3 |
| Former Soviet Union |
26.8 |
34.5 |
30.7 |
26.3 |
23.5 |
18.3 |
20.2 |
17.9 |
16.5 |
14.1 |
13.2 |
12.7 |
11.2 |
8.6 |
| Eastern Europe |
18.8 |
21.2 |
20.5 |
19.6 |
18.7 |
14.3 |
8.1 |
6.8 |
12.8 |
12.0 |
12.1 |
11.1 |
10.9 |
10.7 |
| Developed market economies |
38.7 |
32.3 |
36.1 |
41.1 |
44.0 |
53.3 |
58.3 |
64.4 |
61.5 |
65.0 |
65.8 |
66.6 |
68.1 |
70.8 |
| Developing economies |
19.3 |
17.4 |
18.3 |
18.4 |
19.5 |
20.1 |
16.1 |
10.9 |
9.2 |
9.0 |
8.9 |
9.6 |
9.8 |
9.9 |
| Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation, to and from: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Exports |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| ECE transition economies |
34.5 |
38.5 |
33.5 |
29.4 |
26.6 |
21.8 |
25.9 |
22.3 |
18.1 |
15.1 |
16.8 |
18.2 |
19.5 |
18.1 |
| Eastern Europe |
34.5 |
38.5 |
33.5 |
29.4 |
26.6 |
21.8 |
25.9 |
20.7 |
16.8 |
11.7 |
13.2 |
14.3 |
14.9 |
14.2 |
| Developed market economies |
42.2 |
31.0 |
35.3 |
38.9 |
41.8 |
49.5 |
56.5 |
57.9 |
59.7 |
66.6 |
60.6 |
58.1 |
58.6 |
60.0 |
| Developing economies |
23.3 |
30.5 |
31.2 |
31.7 |
31.6 |
28.7 |
17.6 |
19.9 |
22.2 |
18.3 |
22.6 |
23.8 |
21.9 |
21.9 |
| Imports |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| ECE transition economies |
31.5 |
38.6 |
38.2 |
32.4 |
27.6 |
24.7 |
26.0 |
15.9 |
10.6 |
14.1 |
15.5 |
12.6 |
13.7 |
11.9 |
| Eastern Europe |
31.5 |
38.6 |
38.2 |
32.4 |
27.6 |
24.7 |
26.0 |
15.0 |
10.0 |
11.7 |
12.4 |
10.6 |
11.1 |
9.8 |
| Developed market economies |
46.4 |
40.9 |
40.7 |
46.3 |
50.1 |
52.9 |
58.1 |
62.4 |
60.6 |
70.3 |
69.5 |
67.8 |
68.2 |
68.1 |
| Developing economies |
22.1 |
20.5 |
21.1 |
21.3 |
22.3 |
22.4 |
15.9 |
21.7 |
28.8 |
15.6 |
15.0 |
19.6 |
18.1 |
19.9 |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national statistics.
Note:
Data for 1980-1990 refer to the east European CMEA countries (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania) and to the former Soviet Union. Trade data in national currencies were revalued at consistent rouble/dollar cross-rates (see the note to appendix table B.10). For 1991-1997, eastern Europe covers Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia (from 1993, Czech Republic and Slovakia including their mutual trade), Hungary, Poland and Romania, and the second panel reflects non-CIS trade of the Russian Federation only.
Partner-country grouping has been recently revised with subsequent revisions back to 1980. Thus, the earlier reported "Transition economies" group is now replaced by "ECE transition economies", which covers the Baltic states, CIS and the east European countries including the successor states of the former SFR of Yugoslavia. The "Eastern Europe" partner-group now covers Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and the successor states of the former SFR of Yugoslavia, which earlier were in the "Other socialist countries" subgroup. The rest of subgroup "Other socialist countries", which in previous series covered China, Cuba, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia and Viet Nam, is now included in the "Developing countries" group.
APPENDIX TABLE B.14
Exchange rates of the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1986-1998
(Annual averages, national currency units per dollar)
| |
Unit a |
1980 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Albania |
lek |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
8.90 |
24.20 |
75.03 |
102.06 |
94.62 |
93.14 |
104.33 |
148.93 |
150.63 |
| Bulgaria |
lev |
0.86 |
0.94 |
0.87 |
0.83 |
0.84 |
0.79 |
17.45 |
23.42 |
27.85 |
54.13 |
67.08 |
177.88 |
1 681.87 |
1 760.37 |
| Czechoslovakia |
koruna |
5.37 |
16.20 |
14.79 |
14.37 |
15.06 |
18.56 |
29.56 |
28.30 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Czech Republic |
koruna |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
29.15 |
28.79 |
26.54 |
27.14 |
31.70 |
32.29 |
| Slovakia |
koruna |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
30.80 |
31.93 |
29.71 |
30.68 |
33.62 |
35.15 |
| Hungary |
forint |
32.64 |
45.83 |
46.97 |
50.41 |
59.07 |
63.21 |
74.73 |
78.98 |
91.91 |
105.11 |
125.69 |
152.65 |
186.79 |
214.40 |
| Poland |
zloty b |
3.05 |
175.28 |
265.08 |
430.64 |
1 439 |
9 500 |
10 576 |
13 627 |
18 136 |
22 723 |
2.42 |
2.70 |
3.28 |
3.49 |
| Romania |
leu |
4.47 |
16.80 |
16.00 |
16.00 |
16.00 |
22.43 |
71.84 |
307.98 |
760.12 |
1 654 |
2 033 |
3 085 |
7 183 |
8 876 |
| Yugoslavia (SFR) |
dinar c |
24.64 |
379.22 |
737.00 |
25 239 |
28 760 |
11.32 |
19.64 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
dinar |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Croatia |
kuna d |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
18.80 |
264.30 |
3 577.63 |
6.00 |
5.23 |
5.43 |
6.10 |
6.36 |
| Slovenia |
tolar |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
27.57 |
81.29 |
113.24 |
128.81 |
118.52 |
135.37 |
159.69 |
166.13 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
denar e |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
19.69 |
508.07 |
23.26 |
43.25 |
38.05 |
39.92 |
50.40 |
54.48 |
| Yugoslavia |
dinar f |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
19.64 |
508.07 |
.. |
.. |
4.74 |
4.96 |
5.72 |
5.99 |
| Estonia |
kroon g |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
12.11 |
13.22 |
12.98 |
11.46 |
12.03 |
13.88 |
14.08 |
| Latvia |
lats h |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
0.67 |
0.56 |
0.53 |
0.55 |
0.58 |
0.59 |
| Lithuania |
litas i |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
4.37 |
3.98 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
| Armenia |
dram |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
8.66 |
288.35 |
405.93 |
413.47 |
490.70 |
504.86 |
| Azerbaijan |
manat |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1 169 |
4 417 |
4 295 |
3 987 |
3 869 |
| Belarus |
rouble j |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
2177 |
4 017 |
11 538 |
13 472 |
26 729 |
48 650 |
| Georgia |
lari k |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
1.10 |
1.29 |
1.26 |
1.30 |
1.39 |
| Kazakhstan |
tenge |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
35.54 |
60.95 |
67.30 |
75.43 |
78.26 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
som |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
10.86 |
10.83 |
12.81 |
17.37 |
21.37 |
| Republic of Moldova |
leu |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
4.07 |
4.50 |
4.60 |
4.62 |
5.36 |
| Russian Federation |
rouble l |
0.65 |
0.70 |
0.63 |
0.61 |
0.63 |
0.59 |
1.74 |
192.75 |
927.46 |
2204 |
4 559 |
5 121 |
5 785 |
9.71 |
| Tajikistan |
rouble |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
107.59 |
292.89 |
560.64 |
778.30 |
| Turkmenistan |
manat |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
19.50 |
110.42 |
3 509 |
4 143 |
4 941 |
| Ukraine |
hryvnia m |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
4 796 |
31 700 |
147 314 |
1.83 |
1.86 |
2.51 |
| Uzbekistan |
sum n |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
932.15 |
9.96 |
29.81 |
40.15 |
66.43 |
94.79 |
| Memorandum item: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Former GDR |
mark o |
3.30 |
8.14 |
8.14 |
8.14 |
8.14 |
8.14 |
1.66 |
1.56 |
1.65 |
1.62 |
1.43 |
1.50 |
1.73 |
1.76 |
Source:
UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national, IMF and CIS statistics. Annual averages are unweighted arithmetic averages of monthly values. Change or redenomination of currency is indicated by a vertical bar.
Note:
Under the central planning system with its state foreign trade monopoly, exchange rates served primarily statistical and accounting purposes (notably the conversion of foreign trade values for statistics expressed in domestic currency), without direct impact on domestic price formation. Market-based exchange rates and a meaningful link to domestic currency values emerged only with the transformations from 1989 onward. The official exchange rates of the earlier period are therefore not suitable for the conversion to dollars of macroeconomic and other data of these countries expressed in domestic currency. These strictures should be kept in mind in the interpretation and use of the data for the 1980s shown above.
a
Currency unit of the last period shown. For prior periods, see footnotes.
b
The zloty was redenominated at 1:10,000 from 1 January 1995.
c
The dinar was redenominated at 1:10,000 from 1 January 1990.
d
The kuna replaced the Croat dinar on 3 May 1994 at 1:1,000; the 1994 average is shown in kuna terms.
e
The denar (which had replaced the Yugoslav dinar 1:1 on 26 April 1992) was redenominated 1:100 on 1 May 1993; the 1993 average is shown in terms of that unit.
f
The dinar was further redenominated on 1 July 1992 (1:10), 1 October 1993 (1:1 million), 1 January 1994 (1:1 trillion) and 24 January 1994 (1:13 million). Average annual exchange rates not available for 1993-1994.
g
The kroon replaced the Soviet rouble in June 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1); the average shown for 1992 refers to June-December.
h
The lats replaced an earlier Latvian rouble at 1:200 on 18 October 1993; the 1993 average is shown in lat terms.
i
The litas replaced the earlier talonas at 1:100 on 1 June 1993; the 1993 average is shown in litas terms.
j
The Belarus rouble was redenominated 1:10 on 10 August 1994; the 1994 average here assumes this applied to the entire year. Annual averages were calculated from end-of-period monthly rates.
k
The lari replaced the lari-kupon on 25 September 1995; the annual average for 1994 is shown in million lari-kupon, and that for 1995 in lari.
l
1980-1991: Soviet rouble/dollar rate used in the conversion of foreign trade data for statistical purposes. The rouble was redenominated at 1:1,000 from 1 January 1998.
m
The hryvnia replaced the former karbovanets on 2 September 1996 at 1:100,000; the average for 1996 is shown in hryvnia terms.
n
Sum-kupon in 1993.
o
German Democratic Republic mark through 1990, deutsche mark thereafter.
APPENDIX TABLE B.15
Current account balances of the ECE transition economies, 1990-1998
(Million dollars)
| |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
| Eastern Europe a |
-3 914 |
-2 502 |
-862 |
-7 338 |
-4 197 |
-1 090 |
-13 189 |
-14 703 |
-17 557 |
| Albania |
-118 |
-168 |
-51 |
15 |
-43 |
-15 |
-107 |
-271 |
-187 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina b |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-492 |
-570 |
-1 306 |
-1 468 |
-1 580* |
| Bulgaria |
-1 710 |
-77 |
-360 |
-1 098 |
-25 |
-26 |
16 |
427 |
-252 |
| Croatia c d |
-500 |
-589 |
329 |
600 |
786 |
-1 284 |
-858 |
-2 434 |
-1 554 |
| Czech Republic |
-122 |
1 709 |
-456 |
456 |
-787 |
-1 369 |
-4 292 |
-3 211 |
-1 046 |
| Hungary e |
127 |
267 |
324 |
-3 455 |
-3 911 |
-2 480 |
-1 678 |
-981 |
-2 298 |
| Poland e f |
716 |
-1 359 |
-269 |
-2 329 |
-944 |
5 455 |
-1 352 |
-4 312 |
-6 858 |
| Romania e |
-1 650 |
-1 369 |
-1 460 |
-1 174 |
-428 |
-1 774 |
-2 571 |
-2 338 |
-3 010 |
| Slovakia |
-767 |
-786 |
173 |
-559 |
712 |
646 |
-2 098 |
-1 343 |
-2 059 |
| Slovenia c |
518 |
129 |
926 |
192 |
600 |
-23 |
39 |
37 |
-4 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia c |
-409 |
-259 |
-19 |
15 |
-158 |
-222 |
-288 |
-276 |
-289 |
| Yugoslavia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-817 |
-1 317g |
-1 200*g |
| Baltic states |
.. |
.. |
681 |
371 |
-71 |
-816 |
-1 425 |
-1 889 |
-2 458 |
| Estonia |
.. |
.. |
153 |
40 |
-178 |
-185 |
-423 |
-563 |
-447 |
| Latvia |
.. |
.. |
207 |
417 |
201 |
-16 |
-279 |
-345 |
-713 |
| Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
322 |
-86 |
-94 |
-614 |
-723 |
-981 |
-1 298 |
| CIS |
-6 608 |
1 800 |
-7 344 |
285 |
5 907 |
4 217 |
6 386 |
-2 354 |
-4 952 |
| Armenia b |
.. |
.. |
-195 |
-315 |
-231 |
-483 |
-428 |
-452 |
-460* |
| Azerbaijan |
.. |
153 |
488 |
2 |
-121 |
-401 |
-931 |
-916 |
-1 365 |
| Belarus |
.. |
.. |
131 |
-404 |
-506 |
-567 |
-516 |
-799 |
-945 |
| Georgia |
.. |
.. |
-248 |
-354 |
-278 |
-218 |
-277 |
-347 |
-500* |
| Kazakhstan |
.. |
-1 300 |
-1 900 |
-400 |
-905 |
-518 |
-750 |
-909 |
-1 700* |
| Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
-61 |
-162 |
-124 |
-235 |
-425 |
-138 |
-330* |
| Republic of Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
-155 |
-82 |
-95 |
-188 |
-267 |
-333 |
| Russian Federation h |
-6 300 |
2 500 |
-5 700 |
2 700 |
9 284 |
7 938 |
12 096 |
4 049 |
2 446 |
| Tajikistan |
.. |
.. |
53 |
-208 |
-170 |
-54 |
-74 |
-60 |
-225* |
| Turkmenistan |
-308 |
447 |
926 |
776 |
84 |
24 |
43 |
-596 |
-520* |
| Ukraine |
.. |
.. |
-600 |
-765 |
-1 163 |
-1 152 |
-1 185 |
-1 335 |
-821 |
| Uzbekistan |
.. |
.. |
-238 |
-429 |
119 |
-21 |
-980 |
-584 |
-200* |
| Total a |
-10 522 |
-702 |
-7 525 |
-6 681 |
1 639 |
2 311 |
-8 229 |
-18 946 |
-24 967 |
Source:
National balance of payments statistics; IMF for Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (1998) and Uzbekistan; UN/ECE secretariat estimates.
a
Totals excluding Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.
b
Excludes official transfers.
c
Excludes transactions with the republics of the former SFR of Yugoslavia: Croatia (1990-1992), Slovenia (1990-1991) and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1990-1992).
d
Data for 1993-1997 were revised in 1998 according to a new methodology.
e
Convertible currencies. Hungary until 1995; Romania until 1992 and Poland until 1997.
f
As of 1995 the current account of Poland includes non-classified current account transactions. Excluding this item the current account balance was a $2,299 million deficit in 1995.
g
Adjusted to exclude imports for outward processing.
h
1990-1993 excluding transactions with the Baltic and CIS countries.
APPENDIX TABLE B.16
Inflows of foreign direct investment
a in selected ECE transition economies, 1990-1998
(Million dollars)
| |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 b |
| Eastern Europe |
605 |
2 329 |
3 120 |
4 107 |
3 491 |
9 172 |
7 577 |
9 116 |
13 717 |
| Albania c |
- |
- |
20 |
58 |
53 |
70 |
90 |
48 |
36* |
| Bulgaria c |
4 |
56 |
42 |
40 |
105 |
90 |
109 |
505 |
401 |
| Croatia |
- |
- |
16 |
96 |
113 |
101 |
533 |
388 |
854 |
| Czech Republic |
180 |
513 |
1 004 |
654 |
869 |
2 562 |
1 428 |
1 300 |
2 540 |
| Hungary |
311 |
1 459 |
1 471 |
2 339 |
1 146 |
4 453 |
1 983 |
2 085 |
1 935 |
| Poland c |
88 |
117 |
284 |
580 |
542 |
1 134 |
2 768 |
3 077 |
5 129 |
| Romania |
- |
37 |
73 |
94 |
341 |
419 |
263 |
1 215 |
2 031 |
| Slovakia |
18 |
82 |
100 |
134 |
170 |
157 |
206 |
161 |
508 |
| Slovenia |
4 |
65 |
111 |
113 |
128 |
176 |
186 |
321 |
165 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia c |
- |
- |
- |
- |
24 |
9 |
11 |
16 |
118 |
| Baltic states |
- |
- |
111 |
236 |
471 |
457 |
684 |
1 142 |
1 770 |
| Estonia |
- |
- |
58 |
160 |
225 |
205 |
150 |
267 |
571 |
| Latvia |
- |
- |
43 |
45 |
214 |
180 |
382 |
521 |
274 |
| Lithuania |
- |
- |
10 |
30 |
31 |
73 |
152 |
355 |
926 |
| European CIS |
- |
100 |
1 678 |
1 626 |
820 |
2 365 |
3 096 |
7 130 |
3 186 |
| Belarus |
- |
- |
7 |
10 |
9 |
15 |
73 |
192 |
144 |
| Republic of Moldova |
- |
- |
17 |
14 |
12 |
67 |
24 |
72 |
85 |
| Russian Federation |
- |
100 |
1 454 |
1 404 |
640 |
2 016 |
2 479 |
6 243 |
2 182 |
| Ukraine |
- |
- |
200 |
198 |
159 |
267 |
521 |
623 |
775* |
| Total |
605 |
2 429 |
4 909 |
5 969 |
4 782 |
11 994 |
11 358 |
17 388 |
18 673 |
Source:
National balance of payments statistics.
a
Inflows into the reporting country.
b
Full year data except for Albania and Ukraine for which extrapolations of January-September rates were used.
c
Net of residents' investments abroad. Bulgaria, 1990-1994; Poland, 1990-1995.