ÿWPC’, œ9ÖHœ®ÅoÝ»Ããö¥õ?Al=Þº¹ŒùJ,O/ãmƒv Háÿ{ߘ¥l Q/RFò;ü—;³ÎkŒÙƒ€?ˆa%ç¶‹Ee´!ÕÞ"kžïáq»õšR4'4ã˜Ó1ìRôæõ»C…pnÄËwpx'ŸI²Ÿ«) ] ‡(År|¾guFè¡ØÌ¼øŽFœBf¼áüx¯¢Äã`ŠükEe fX­ögÉ««yíÔ‘ýrËæb ð¥°gqJ¡½ÇdÚÕFdvžœ° ¡™àøÏò¡°¯¼*êð&²M”’Œ²“û¯ÆÓô0Ö.Í?],ÊG…+±R?ÍÐZvnæv)š{žwëÎ0¥fEŒ/– @#(¦¨¸ÌÞ0Ñm*¦pãèû£ÇÛ}\†bõWX+ {£s‰ <Ü.º9õ !>àŒùæÉsÏO/¸Uœå°Bâfš<µáGÉšª§íS‹zÉ¿ÿu×3§{á+™‰lœ$bJP‚òé,ñšÖk}IɆ 9YyyÊiÜÖËÑÿàû  6…ÝîfF#©Â"dÍÎ]5 ƒèãî¬N`e•Í–R¾s Ü|Ž¿L;Œ I „:ùw†F&$\vîøOUXBR %”¸š 0tR U.Æ 0zô 0nn 0tÜ 0jP 0pº 0V* 0\€ 0tÜ 0dP 0Ö´ 0\Š 0Læ 0’2 0ŠÄU>NfŒaŽ D+¢ÆÍ 0“ 0= AMQfža  ^ ´w@À4 0 m—b®® 0¶¶¶¶¶¶f7 a9 BoM M Æj 0=0! 0m! AQî!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!î!f?"aA"U:U"U"U"f"a‘"¥"nµ" 0f»*#!!+NB,UND,ô\  `*Times New RomanTTô' Ï UNITED 2 John Read0UN/ECE .   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òòòLithium€batteriesÐ  X  ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  ÓTransmitted€by€the€experts€from€Canada€and€Japanóóó óÐ Ô   ÐÓ  ÓÔ€Nô˜¤õ%N&{@ÔÔÿÔÌÔÿÔò òÔ€N&{@%õNô˜¤ÔIntroductory€Note:€ó óAt€the€16th€session€of€the€subcommittee€of€Experts€on€the€Transport€of€DangerousÐ x´  ÐGoods,€which€was€held€in€Geneva,€5€ð!ð€14€July€1999,€the€following€documents€were€considered:ÌÌà0 # àà0{ #¤##¤#àà0Ó { ¤#{ ¤#àà0+Ó ¤#Ó ¤#àà Ó àà { àà # àà Ë àST/SG/AC10/C3/1999/8€à + à(South€Africa)ÐL+¤#+¤# Ðà0 # àà0{ #¤##¤#àà0Ó { ¤#{ ¤#àà0+Ó ¤#Ó ¤#àà Ó àà { àà # àà Ë àST/SG/AC10/C3/1999/29€à + à(Japan)Ðì(+¤#+¤# Ðà0 # àà0{ #¤##¤#àà0Ó { ¤#{ ¤#àà0+Ó ¤#Ó ¤#àà Ó àà { àà # àà Ë àST/SG/AC10/C3/1999/36€à + à(Canada)ÐÈ+¤#+¤# Ðà0 # àà0{ #¤##¤#àà0Ó { ¤#{ ¤#àà0+Ó ¤#Ó ¤#àà Ó àà { àà # àà Ë àUN/Ô_ÔSCETDGÔ_Ô/16/INF21€à + à(Canada)Фà+¤#+¤# ÐÌAfter€the€discussion€of€these€documents€under€agenda€item€5(b)€Lithium€batteries,€it€was€agreed€that€a€jointÏCanada/Japan€proposal€should€be€submitted€at€the€17th€session€in€Geneva€in€December1999.€In€addition,ÏCanada€and€Japan€advised€they€would€invite€comments€through€a€Correspondence€Working€Group.ÌÌAlthough€a€Correspondence€Working€Group€is€not€a€fully€satisfactory€process,€comments€were€received.€ÏThis€INF€paper€is€offered€as€an€advance€over€ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/1999/73€in€that€it€has€taken€into€account€allÏcomments€received€and€contains€no€€text€in€square€brackets.€The€more€significant€changes€are€the€inclusionÏof€tests€on€short€circuit,€overcharge€and€forced€discharge.ÌÌThis€paper€contains€the€result€of€the€Ô_ÔintersessionalÔ_Ô€work.€It€includes€revisions€to€the€testing€requirements.€InÏaddition,€a€new€proposal€on€a€ððquarantineðð€period€has€been€added€to€address€cases€in€which€there€has€beenÏsevere€abuse€in€handling€of€a€shipment€of€lithium€cells€or€batteries.€ÌÌò òOverview€of€Proposaló ó:€The€model€regulations€establish€restrictions€on€the€transport€of€a€substance€or€articleÐ ˆ!Ä# Ðif€the€substance€or€article€possesses€sufficient€potential€to€cause€harm€to€people,€property€or€the€environmentÏduring€normal€conditions€of€transport.€The€process€of€determining€which€restrictions€to€impose€requires€anÏunderstanding€of€the€potential€for€harm€and€of€the€possible€restrictions.€ÌÌFor€the€case€of€lithium€cells€or€batteries,€an€analysis€of€the€potential€for€harm€is€set€out€in€Part€A€ofthisÏpaper.€It€includes€a€listing€of€credible€possible€causes€or€conditions€which€could€lead€to€a€realization€of€theÏpotential€for€harm.€Tests€relative€to€the€identified€conditions€are€described€in€PartB.€The€proposition€in€thisÏpaper€is€that€cells€or€batteries€which€satisfy€appropriate€tests€and€requirements€are€safe€to€transport.ÌÌâ âPart€C€of€this€paper€contains€the€text€of€the€formal€proposal€being€set€before€the€Sub„Committee.Ð $*`'- ÐThe€distinction€between€lithium„ion€and€lithium€which€was€introduced€in€the€eleventh€revised€edition€of€theÏÔ& , Ôâ âModel€Regulations€has€been€retained.€Primary€lithium€cells€or€batteries€that€contain€lithium€metal€anodesÏwere€introduced€commercially€over€twenty€years€ago€and€were€soon€followed€by€primary€lithium€cells€orÏbatteries€that€contain€lithium€alloy€anodes.€Recent€technologies€include€lithium„ion€and€lithium€polymer€cellsÏor€batteries€that€use€lithium„ion€chemistries.€Lithium„ion€battery€technologies€are€distinct€from€lithium€metalÏand€lithium€alloy€technologies€in€design€and€in€reactivity.€Lithium€metal€and€lithium€alloy€technologies€useÏmetallic€lithium€and€lithium€alloy€as€the€negative€electrode.€In€contrast,€lithium„ion€technologies€use€aÏÔ_ÔlithiatedÔ_Ô€carbon€material€for€the€negative€electrode€and€another€intercalation€compound€for€the€positiveÏelectrode.€Lithium„ion€technologies€are€less€reactive€with€water€and€are€more€thermally€stable.ÌÌThe€history€of€transporting€lithium€cells€and€batteries€is€worth€noting.€Since€the€1970ððs,€over€ten€billionÏprimary€lithium€cells/batteries€have€been€transported,€and€since€the€early€1990ððs,€over€one€billionÏrechargeable€lithium€cells/batteries€utilizing€lithium„ion€chemistries€have€been€transported.€ÌÔ',  áÔÌÌÌÐ  „À  ÐÔ€N¼W»%N&»&ÔÔ€¼W»»N¼WÔò òPart€A:€Analysisó óÐ Ä ÐÔ€&»&%»¼WÔÌThe€potential€for€harm€associated€with€lithium€cells€or€batteries€can€be€divided€into€two€general€groupings.ÏThe€first€is€the€generation€of€heat€and€the€second€is€the€release€of€dangerous€substances€directly€or€as€a€by„¼product€of€the€burning€of€substances€making€up€the€cell€or€battery.€The€substances€of€concern€which€couldÏbe€released€directly,€or€exposed€to€the€prevailing€atmospheric€conditions,€are€lithium,€lithium„ion,€or€aÏflammable€or€corrosive€electrolyte.€The€substances€which€could€be€released€indirectly,€i.e.,€as€a€result€of€aÏfire€or€a€release€into€water,€could€include€hydrogen€or€the€corrosive€gases€lithium€monoxide,€lithiumÏhydroxide,€or€lithium€carbonate.ÌÌThe€first€goal€of€this€analysis€is€to€identify€the€conditions€whereby€one€or€both€of€the€potentials€for€harmÏcould€be€realized.€For€example,€in€considering€how€heat€may€be€generated,€one€condition€whereby€this€mightÏbe€realized€is€through€a€short€circuit.€ÌÌThe€second€goal€of€this€analysis€is€to€determine€what€steps€could€be€taken€to€ensure€such€conditions€were€notÏpresent€and€would€not€arise.€Continuing€on€with€the€example€from€the€last€paragraph,€testing€could€beÏproposed€to€determine€if€a€cell€or€battery€has€a€potential€to€short€circuit€during€transport.€How€the€result€ofÏsuch€a€test€would€be€used€is€set€out€in€Part€C.ÌÌ1.€à # àGeneration€of€heat:€Ð PŒ ÐÌHeat€may€be€generated€from€an€intact€lithium€cell€or€battery€through€an€internal€short€circuit,€an€externalÏshort€circuit,€forced€discharging€(overdischarge),€voltage€reversal,€charging€(a€primary€cell€or€battery)€orÏovercharging€(a€rechargeable€cell€or€battery).€Heat€may€additionally€be€generated€from€a€cell€or€batteryÏwhich€is€no€longer€intact€by€the€burning€of€substances€which€had€been€in€the€cell€or€battery.€ÌÌThe€US€Department€of€Transport€published€an€Advisory€Guidance€(page€36742€of€Volume€64€of€the€USÏFederal€Register)€advising€of€several€cases€of€fires€which€started€due€to€sparks€or€heat€generated€from€cellsÏor€batteries€of€all€types€including€lithium€cells€or€batteries€and€other€than€lithium€cells€or€batteries.ÌÌIn€July€of€1999€in€Edmonton,€Canada,€a€drum€which€was€used€to€contain€used€lithium€batteries€for€transportÏwas€found€to€be€warm€to€the€touch€several€days€after€it€had€been€closed€and€sealed€for€transport.€The€drumÏhad€been€stored€inside€a€warehouse€at€a€temperature€of€approximately€22degrees€Celsius€during€that€time.ÏWhen€opened€there€was€a€clear€indication€of€the€release€of€internal€pressure.€Of€107€rectangular€shapedÏlithium€batteries€ten€were€visibly€deformed€from€melting,€two€were€split€open€(one€on€an€edge€and€one€on€aÏflat€surface)€and€another€had€electrolyte€on€it.€Of€90€cylindrical€shaped€lithium€batteries€four€were€deformedÏat€the€ends€with€one€of€these€opened.€€The€batteries€had€been€removed€from€service€based€on€time€in€use.ÏTwo€adjacent€drums€with€non„lithium€batteries,€also€removed€from€service€based€on€time€in€use,€showed€noÏproblems.€It€is€not€known€if€each€of€the€eleven€batteries€failed€on€its€own€or€if€some€were€affected€by€theÏactions€of€others.€It€is€also€not€known€when€the€initial€reaction€began€but€it€is€believed€it€developed€over€aÏperiod€of€days.€At€the€time€the€drum€was€opened,€approximately€one€week€after€it€was€closed€and€sealed,Ïsome€batteries€were€still€generating€heat.€This€incident€may€indicate€a€need€to€develop€appropriate€provisionsÏpertaining€to€the€transportation€of€lithium€cells€and€batteries€for€the€purpose€of€waste€disposal€and/orÏrecycling.ÌÌÔ& à ÔThe€Edmonton€incident€is€similar€in€some€respects€to€the€incident€in€March,€1999€in€Los€Angeles€involving€aÏlarge€number€of€new€lithium€cells.€After€handling€abuse€and€a€passage€of€hours€a€fire€broke€out.€The€incidentÏis€under€investigation€and€it€is€not€currently€known€how€many€cells€contributed€to€the€fire€or€if€there€was€aÏpropagation€from€one€or€more€cells€to€another.€Each€cell€was€exempted€from€regulation€due€to€its€small€sizeÏand€consequently€each€package€(containing€1,000€distinct€cells)€and€the€pallet€load€of€packages€were€alsoÏexempt€from€regulation.€Nevertheless,€the€consignor€had€marked€the€pallet€loads€as€containing€lithiumÏbatteries,€which€alerted€the€fire€department€to€the€proper€response€to€follow.Ìâ âÔ'à¨)ý$ÔÐ ¬/è,4 ÐÔ& ” Ôâ âà0 # àà Ë à2.€à # àRelease€of€dangerous€substances€directly€or€as€a€by„product€of€the€burning€of€substances€making€upÐ Ä Ðthe€cell€or€battery:Ð #¤##¤# ÐÔ'”Ä(ÔÌLithium,€lithium„ion€or€a€flammable€or€corrosive€electrolyte€could€be€released€(lithium€or€electrolyte),€orÏexposed€to€the€prevailing€atmosphere€(lithium,€lithium„ion€or€electrolyte),€if€the€cell€or€battery€were€to€beÏopened€from€without,€e.g.,€punctured,€or€were€to€be€opened€from€within,€e.g.,€ruptured.€A€special€case€toÏconsider€is€the€potential€for€a€cell€or€battery€to€be€opened€due€to€the€activity€of€an€adjacent€cell€or€batteryÏwhich€may€have€ruptured€violently€or€be€burning€(propagation€effect).ÌÌThe€two€general€problems€are€summarized€in€Table€1.€Potential€causes€and€possible€mitigating€conditionsÏare€contained€in€Table€2.ÌÌÔ€¼W»%&»&Ôò òTABLE€1:Ð  P  ÐÌÔ*…ƒ-. ddd Xdd Xdd Xˤ#ˤ#…ÔÔ,`P@ÔÔ, `P@ÔÔ,§ ``@ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€//" <x  €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„1ÐÔ€X‡X»¼WÔProblemsó óÐ Lˆ  ÐÐ ;€//,!8t C// „C„;Ðò òConsequencesó óÐ ?€///,!Lˆ C// „C„?Ðò òPotential€Enabling€Conditionsó óÐ N€//?'Lˆ C  /// €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„NÐÔ€ôÃõXX‡ÔGeneration€of€HeatÔ€X‡XõôÃÔÐ ;€//,!4pC// „C„;ÐÔ€ôÃõXX‡ÔSufficient€heat€or€sparks€can€beÐ 4p Ðproduced€to€start€a€fire€inÏnearby€combustible€material€orÏto€burn€a€person€holding€theÏcell€or€battery.€Should€theÏlithium€or€lithium„ion€burn,Ïthe€fire€could€attain€a€very€highÏtemperature.ÌÔ€X‡XõôÃÔÐ ?€///,!t°C// „C„?ÐÓ*T¤‚X@¬™Xÿÿ°œX*ÓÔ€ôÃõXX‡Ô„à0 @ àinternal€short€circuitÐ4p@;#@;# Єà0 @ àexternal€short€circuitÐü8@;#@;# Єà0 @ àforced€discharging€(over„discharge)ÐÄ@;#@;# Єà0 @ àvoltage€reversalÐŒÈ @;#@;# Єà0 @ àre„charging€(charging€and€overchargingÐ T! Ðproblems)Ð @;#@;# Єà0 @ àburning€of€substances€making€up€the€batteryÐ ä # Ðfollowing€their€releaseÐ @;#@;# ÐÔ€X‡XõôÃÔÐ P€///?'t°%C  /// €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„PÐÔ€ôÃõXX‡ÔRelease€of€dangerousÐ p¬& Ðsubstances€directly€or€as€aÏby„product€of€the€burningÏof€substances€making€upÏthe€cell€or€battery.ÌÔ€X‡XõôÃÔÐ =€///,!X”+C/// „C„=ÐÔ€ôÃõXX‡ÔSubstances€that€can€be€directlyÐ p¬, Ðor€indirectly€released€includeÏan€explosive€gas,€corrosiveÏgases€and€a€flammable€orÏcorrosive€electrolyte.€InÏaddition€these€materials€orÏparts€of€the€cell€or€battery€canÏbe€thrown€if€the€rupture€isÏviolent.Ô€X‡XõôÃÔÐ ?€////,!°ì4C/// „C„?ÐÔ€ôÃõXX‡Ôcell€or€battery€opened€from€without€due€toÐ p¬5 Ѐ€„à0 @ àpunctureÐ8t6@;#@;# Ѐ€„à0 @ àabrasionÐ<7@;#@;# Ѐ€„à0 @ àtearing€or€splittingÐÈ8@;#@;# Ѐ€„à0 @ àheatÐÌ9@;#@;# ÐÌcell€or€battery€opened€from€within€due€toÌ€€„à0 @ àpressure€differential€(altitude)Ðè$<@;#@;# Ѐ€„à0 @ àpressure€differential€(heat)аì=@;#@;# Ѐ€„à0 @ àinternal€pressure€due€to€crushingÐx´>@;#@;# ÐÌNote:€If€the€contents€of€a€cell€or€battery€becomeÏexposed,€a€heat€source€or€fire€may€be€generatedÏup€to€several€days€after€the€exposure.€ÌÔ€X‡XõôÃÔÐ7-+`#œ CC   //// 7ÐÌÐ  H%„"D ÐÑİÑÑTR_<Æ&Ë6A4 LandscapeXÏ6Á&* Æ&Ë6A4 LandscapeË6Æ&A4TÑÔ€&»&%XX‡ÔÔ‡X‡X%&»&ÔÔ‡XÚ' XXX‡Ôò ò€TABLE€2:ó óÔ#†& % XXÚ':#ÔÐ Ä ÐÔ*…ƒ )dd`P@ `P@ § ``@§ -.Ë©3Ë©3…ÔÔ,$"ÔÔ,Ç "ÔÔ,Ü"ÔÔ,a"ÔÔ,¹""ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ,€// ¬è ‚‚ƒƒ„„,Ðò òItemó óÐ 2€//#È// „„2Ðò òPotential€Enabling€Conditionsó óÐ 2€//#È// „„2Ðò òPotential€Causesó óÐ 2€//#È// „„2Ðò òMitigation€For€TransportÐ È Ðó óÐ 6€///#œØ// „„6Ðò òRelated€Test€(SeeÐ È ÐPart€B)ó óÐ _€//PœØ  ///  ð?1‚‚ƒƒ„„‰ð?‰_Ð1Ð Q€//B7šÖ   ð?1 ð?// „„QÐinternal€short€circuitÐ 2€//#šÖ // „„2Ðvibration€ÌÐ 2€//#nª // „„2Ðtest€to€withstand€vibration€ÌÐ 6€///#nª// „„6ÐTest€1Ð E€/6šÖ  /// €€‚‚ƒƒ„„EÐÐ 2€/#l¨/ „„2ÐÐ 2€//#l¨/ „„2Ðshock€Ð 2€//#l¨// „„2Ðtest€to€withstand€shockÐ 6€///#l¨// „„6ÐTest€2Ð E€/6#l¨   /// ‚‚ƒƒ„„EÐÐ 2€/#ˆ Ä/ „„2ÐÐ 2€//#ˆ Ä/ „„2Ðpoor€internal€connectionsÌÌÐ 2€//#0 l// „„2Ðtest€connections€through€expansion€and€contraction€induced€byÏtemperature€changes,€and€by€alterations€in€the€ratio€of€internalÏpressure€to€external€Ô_ÔpresssureÔ_ÔÐ 6€///#0 l// „„6ÐTests€3,€4Ð @€/1ˆ Ä  /// ‚‚ƒƒ„„@ÐÐ 2€/#. j / „„2ÐÐ 2€//#. j / „„2Ðdeformation€of€the€cell€orÏbatteryÐ 2€//# > !// „„2Ðability€to€withstand€crush€expected€in€normal€conditions€ofÏtransport;€or€specify€packaging€characteristics€and€handlingÏrequirements,€including€quarantineÐ 6€///#Ö  $// „„6ÐÌTests€6Ð d€//U > &  /// €€ @2‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ2Ð Q€//B7Ô '  @2 @// „„QÐexternal€short€circuitÐ 2€//#Ô (// „„2Ðconnection€made€across€theÏanode€and€cathodeÐ 2€//#¨ä *// „„2Ðif€transported€with€any€level€of€charge,€specify€appropriateÏpackaging€to€protect€against€connection€of€positive€and€negativeÏelectrodesÐ 6€///#|¸ -// „„6ÐTest€5Ð d€//UÔ .  /// €€ @3‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ3Ð Q€//B7z¶/  @3 @// „„QÐforced€dischargingÐ 2€//#z¶0// „„2Ðnot€likely€during€transportÐ 2€//#z¶1// „„2Ðresidual€effects€of€this€may€cause€harm€during€trañ€ñnsportñ€ñÐ 6€///#z¶2// „„6ÐÔ_ÔstÔ_Ô€8Ð d€//Uz¶3  /// €€ @4‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ4Ð Q€//B7x´4  @4 @// „„QÐvoltage€reversalÐ 2€//#x´5// „„2Ðnot€likely€during€transportÐ 2€//#x´6// „„2Ðnot€required€Ð 6€///#x´7// „„6ÐnilÐ d€//Ux´8  /// €€ @5‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ5Ð Q€//B7v²9  @5 @// „„QÐre„chargingÐ 2€//#v²:// „„2Ðnot€likely€during€transportÐ 2€//#v²;// „„2Ðresidual€effects€of€this€may€cause€harm€during€transportÐ 6€///#v²<// „„6ÐTest€7Ð d€//Uv²=  /// €€ @6‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ6Ð Q€//B7t°>  @6 @// „„QÐburning,€external€to€the€cell€orÏbattery,€of€substances€making€upÏthe€cell€or€battery€Ô#†&»&% %& !:#ÔÔ‡& %%&»&ÔÐ 2€//#XA// „„2Ðpossible€Ð 2€//#t°B// „„2Ðprotect€cell€or€battery€from€opening€through€packagingÏrequirements€and€handling€requirements,€including€quarantineÔ#†&»&% %& 6L#ÔÔ‡& %%&»&ÔÐ 6€///#H„D// „„6ÐTests€1„6ÌÌÔ#†&»&% %& XM#ÔÔ‡& %%&»&ÔÐ d€//UXG  /// €€ @7‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ7Ð Q€//B7VH  @7 @// „„QÐcell€or€battery€opened€fromÏwithout,€other€than€from€heatÐ 2€//#î*J// „„2ÐpossibleÐ 2€//#VK// „„2Ðrequire€ability€to€withstand€puncture,€abrasion,€tearing,€or€splittingÏconditions€normal€in€transport;€or€specify€packaging€conditions€andÏhandling€requirements,€including€quarantineÐ 6€///#ÂþN// „„6ÐÌTest€4Ð f€///Uî*P  /// €€  @8‚‚ƒƒ„„‰ @‰fÐ8Ð S€///B7ÀüQ   @8  @/// „„SÐcell€or€battery€opened€fromÏwithout€due€to€heatÐ 4€///#”ÐS/// „„4ÐpossibleÐ 4€///#ÀüT/// „„4Ðrequire€ability€to€withstand€heat€arising€during€normal€conditions€ofÏtransport€or€from€burning€or€heat€associated€with€an€adjacent€cellÏor€battery;€or€specify€packaging€conditions€and€handlingÏrequirements,€including€quarantineÐ 6€////#<xX/// „„6ÐÌTest€3Ð ^€/O”ÐZ  //// €€ "@9‚‚ƒƒ‰"@‰‹‹^Ð9Ð K€/<7:v[  "@9 "@/ ‹‹KÐcell€or€battery€opened€fromÏwithin€due€to€pressure€differentialÏ(altitude)Ð ,€/â^/ ‹‹,Ðdepressurization€of€cargoÏspace€containing€the€cell€orÏbattery€during€air€transportÐ ,€/âa/ ‹‹,Ðrequire€ability€to€withstand€pressure€differential€of€0.6€bar€arisingÏduring€depressurization€of€cargo€space.ÌÐ 0€//âd/ ‹‹0ÐTest€4Ð g€///V:ve  // €€ $@10‚‚ƒƒ„„‰$@‰gÐÔ_*Ô10ÌÐ T€///C8´ ðg  $@10 $@/// „„TÐgeneral€abuseÌÐ 4€///#´ ði/// „„4ÐpossibleÌÐ 4€///#´ ðk/// „„4Ðcell€or€battery€not€allowed€in€transport€within€seven€days€ofÏinvolvement€in€any€unusual€shock,€vibration,€abrasion,€crushing€orÏheat€unless€inspected€and€approved€for€release.Ð 6€////#ˆ!Än/// „„6Ðâ âQuarantineÐ.$"ào  //// .Їâ âÔ‡¼`É» %& Ô€ò òPart€B:€TestsÔ#†& %»¼`É…W#Ôó óÐ Ä ÐÌÔ*±ƒ)d)d$"$Ç "Ç Ü"Üa"a¹""¹Ë©3Ë©3±ÔÔ,Æ/ÔÔ,a/ÔÔ,x /ÔÔ,’/ÔÔ,­/ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€//" ¤à €€‚4‚ƒƒ„„1Ðò òTest€Noó óÐ 2€//#Ø// „„2Ðò òNameó óÐ 2€//#Ø// „„2Ðò òCommentó óÐ 2€//#Ø// „„2Ðò òPurposeó óÐ 6€///#Ø// „„6Ðò òPass€Requirementó óÐ d€//UØ 4 /// €€ ð?1‚4‚ƒƒ„„‰ð?‰dÐ1Ð Q€//B7à  ð?1 ð?// „„QÐVibration€Ð 2€//#à // „„2Ðinduce€vibrations€in€each€of€threeÏmutually€perpendicular€directionsÐ 2€//#´ð // „„2Ðverify€that€internal€connections€are€stable€and€verify€theÏintegrity€of€the€cell€or€battery€ððcaseððÐ 6€///#´ð // „„6Ðno€weight€loss,€no€leakage,Ïno€venting,€no€rupture,€noÏexplosion,€no€fire€and€noÏshort€circuitÐ d€//U\˜ 4 /// €€ @2‚4‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ2Ð Q€//B7d    @2 @// „„QÐShock€Ð 2€//#d  // „„2Ðinduce€shock€in€each€of€threeÏmutually€perpendicular€directionsÐ 2€//#8 t// „„2Ðverify€that€internal€connections€are€stable€and€verify€theÏintegrity€of€the€cell€or€battery€ððcaseððÐ 6€///#8 t// „„6Ðno€weight€loss,€no€leakage,Ïno€venting,€no€rupture,€noÏexplosion,€no€fire€and€noÏshort€circuitÐ f€///Uà   4 /// €€ @3‚4‚ƒ ƒ„„‰@‰fÐ3Ð S€///B7è $   @3 @/// „„SÐExpansion€and€contractionÌÐ 4€///#¼ ø /// „„4Ðexpand€and€contract€the€cell€orÏbattery€by€altering€its€temperatureÐ 4€///#¼ ø /// „„4Ðverify€that€internal€connections€are€stable€and€verify€theÏintegrity€of€the€cell€or€battery€ððcaseððÌÐ 6€////#Ì #/// „„6Ðno€weight€loss,€no€leakage,Ïno€venting,€no€rupture,€noÏexplosion,€no€fire€and€noÏshort€circuitÐ d€/Ud  ' 4 //// €€ @4‚(‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐ4Ð Q€/B7l¨ (  @4 @/ „„QÐPressure€differential€Ð 2€/#l¨ )/ „„2Ðinduce€a€relatively€high€internalÏpressure.Ð 2€/#@|+/ „„2Ðverify€that€internal€connections€are€stable€and€verify€theÏintegrity€of€the€cell€or€battery€ððcaseððÐ 6€//#@|-/ „„6Ðno€weight€loss,€no€leakage,Ïno€venting,€no€rupture,€noÏexplosion,€no€fire€and€noÏshort€circuitÐ f€///Uè$1 ( // €€ @5‚4‚ƒ ƒ„„‰@‰fÐ5Ð S€///B7ð,2  @5 @/// „„SÐExternal€Short€CircuitÐ 4€///#ð,3/// „„4Ðconnect€the€anode€with€the€cathodeÐ 4€///#ð,4/// „„4Ðverify€that€the€cell€or€battery€can€survive€an€eternal€shortÏcircuitÐ 6€////#Ä6/// „„6Ðno€rupture,€no€fire,€and€theÏexternal€temperature€of€theÏcell€or€battery€does€notÏexceed€150òò0óó€CÐ l¨: ÐÐ ^€/O@|; 4 //// €€ @6‚4‚ƒƒ‰@‰‹‹^Ð6Ð K€/<7T<  @6 @/ ‹‹KÐInternal€Short€CircuitÐ ,€/T=/ ‹‹,Ðgradually€compress€the€cell€orÏbattery€up€to€a€pressure€limit€orÏuntil€a€short€circuit€occursÌÐ ,€/Ð A/ ‹‹,Ðverify€that€if€an€internal€short€circuit€is€induced€that€noÏfire€developsÐ 0€//(dC/ ‹‹0Ðno€explosion€Ô_**Ôand€no€fireÐ d€//UTD 4 // €€ @7‚4‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰dÐÔ_*ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_*ÔÔ_*ÔÔ_*ÔÔ_*Ô7Ô_**ÔÐ Q€//B7ØE  @7 @// „„QÐOverchargeÐ 2€//#ØF// „„2Ðsimulate€overchargeÐ 2€//#ØG// „„2Ðto€determine€latent€effects€of€overchargeÌÐ 6€///#¬èI// „„6Ðno€fire€or€explosion€withinÏseven€days.Ð f€///U¬èK 4 /// €€  @8‚4‚ƒ ƒ„„‰ @‰fÐ8Ð S€///B7´ðL   @8  @/// „„SÐDischargeÐ 4€///#´ðM/// „„4Ðsimulate€forced€dischargeÐ 4€///#´ðN/// „„4Ðto€determine€latent€effects€of€forced€dischargeÌÐ 6€////#ˆÄP/// „„6Ðno€fire€or€explosion€withinÏseven€days.Ð.$"ˆÄR 4  //// .ÐÔ#†&»&% %& ÛM#ÔÐ  h¤R ÐÔ_**ÔÑTRXË6Æ&A4_<Æ&Ë6A4 LandscapeË6Æ&A4Æ&Ë6A4 LandscapeTÑIn€addition€to€the€above€tests,€a€Quarantine€Condition€would€be€used€to€ensure€an€intact€but€abused€cell€orÐ Ä Ðbattery€would€not€allowed€in€transport€within€seven€days€of€involvement€in€any€unusual€shock,€vibration,Ïabrasion,€crushing€or€heat€unless€inspected€and€approved€for€release.ÌÌTests€1,€2,€3,€4€and€5€would€be€conducted€in€sequence€on€the€same€cell€or€battery.€ÌTests€6,€7€and€8€would€be€conducted€using€not€otherwise€tested€cells€or€batteries.ÌÒÌËÒÐ ì( ÐÑTRXÏ6Á&* XË6Æ&A4Ë6Æ&A4Ë6Æ&A4TÑò òPart€C:€The€Proposal€ó óÐ Ä Ðò òÌRecommendation€1:€ó óIt€is€recommended€that€the€Recommendations€on€the€Transport€of€Dangerous€GoodsÐ |¸ ÐModel€Regulations,€eleventh€revised€edition,€be€amended€as€follows:ÌÌReplace€Special€Provisions€188,€230€and€287€with:€Ìò òÌÓ<Ì tÌFM& Ô —XÿÿT¤‚X@¬™X<Óð ðSpecial€Provision€188€ó óÐ Ì ÐÌThis€entry€on€lithium€cells€and€batteries€applies€to€cells€and€batteries€containing€lithium€in€any€form,Ïincluding€lithium€metal€and€lithium€alloy€chemistries€and€lithium„ion€chemistries.€Lithium€metal€and€lithiumÏalloy€chemistries€use€metallic€lithium€and€lithium€alloy,€respectively,€as€the€negative€electrode.€Lithium„ionÏchemistries€use€intercalation€compounds€(intercalated€lithium€exists€in€an€ionic€or€quasi„atomic€form€withinÏthe€lattice€of€the€electrode€material)€in€the€positive€and€negative€electrodes.€This€entry€also€applies€to€lithiumÏpolymer€cells€and€batteries,€which€are€regulated€either€as€lithium€metal€or€as€lithium„ion€cells€and€batteries,Ïdepending€on€the€nature€of€the€material€used€in€the€negative€electrode.ÌÌà t àà Ì à1.à F àEach€lithium€cell€or€battery€with€a€non„zero€charge€must€be€designed€or€packaged€in€such€a€way€as€toÐ d  Ðprevent€an€external€short€circuit€under€normal€conditions€of€transport.€Ìà t àÌà t àà Ì à2.€à F àTo€preclude€a€violent€rupture€under€normal€conditions€of€transport€each€lithium€cell€or€battery€mustÐ ø4 Ðincorporate€a€safety€venting€device€or€be€designed€to€preclude€such€a€rupture.€Ìà t àÌà t àà Ì à3.€à F àEach€lithium€cell€or€battery€must€be€packed€in€strong€Ô_**ÔpackagingsÔ_**Ô€or€be€contained€in€an€equivalent€caseÐ ŒÈ Ðor€device€(e.g.,€installed€in€electronic€devices)€so€as€to€prevent,€under€normal€conditions€of€transport,€aÏrupture€of€the€cell€or€battery€or€a€crushing€of€the€cell€or€battery€sufficient€to€induce€a€rupture€or€an€internalÏshort€circuit.€Ìà t àÌÔ& L Ôà t àà Ì à4.€à F àEach€lithium€cell€or€battery€is€assigned€to€Category€A,€B,€C€or€D€according€to€the€following€table,Ð Ø Ðwhere€Q€is€the€maximum€amount€of€lithium€or€lithium€equivalent€content€which€is€expected€to€be€in€the€cellÏor€battery€at€some€point€during€its€lifetime.€Lithium€content€means€the€mass€of€lithium€in€the€cell€or€battery.€ÏLithium€equivalent€content€means,€for€a€lithium„ion€cell€or€battery,€0.3€times€the€rated€capacity€of€the€cell€orÏbattery€in€ampere„hours,€with€the€result€expressed€as€grams.€Ô'LØ©yÔÌÌÔ*«ƒBC d )dÆ/Æa/ax /x ’/’­/­Ì¤#̤#«ÔÔ,n"@ÔÔ,¤"@ÔÔ,v"@ÔÔ,Ô"@ÔÔ,v""@ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ,"  <" €O€‚‚ƒƒ„C„,ÐÐ 0€//! L#C „C„……0Ðò òLi€contentó óÔ ÿÿ ÔÐ  L$ ÐÓ  ÓÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÐ G€///4%ì (%C// „C„……GÐò òLi€equivalent€contentó óÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÐ  L& ÐÓ  ÓÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ RH0ì ('C  O /// €O€‚‚ƒƒ„C„RÐÐ ,€//_!›(C „C„,Ðò òCelló óÐ ;€//,!_!›)C"// „C„;Ðò òBatteryó óÐ ;€//,!_!›*C"// „C„;Ðò òCelló óÐ ?€///,!_!›+C"// „C„?Ðò òBatteryó óÐ S€//D,_!›,C"  O /// €O€‚‚ƒƒ„C„SÐò òCategory€Aó óÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÐ ®"ê- Ðliquid€cathodeÌsolid€cathodeŽÔUSUK.,ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ <€//-"®"ê-C// „C„<ÐÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÌ0€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€D&î%%&»&Ô#ŽÔ€&»&%%D&îÔ€0.5€gÌ0€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€X‡X%&»&ÔÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€DX›‚XXDX›‚ÔÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€1€gŽÔUSUS.,ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ <€//-"®"ê.C"// „C„<ÐÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÌ0€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€1€gÌ0€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€X‡XXX‡ÔÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€DX›‚XXDX›‚ÔÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€2€gŽÔUSUS.,ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ <€//-"®"ê/C"// „C„<Ð0€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€1.5€gÐ ?€///,!®"ê0C"// „C„?Ð0€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€8€gÐ S€//D,®"ê1C"  O /// €O€‚‚ƒƒ„C„SÐò òCategory€Bó óÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÐ ý#9!2 ÐliquidÏcathodeÌsolid€cathodeŽÔUSUS.,ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ <€//-"ý#9!2C// „C„<ÐÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÌ0.5€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€5€gÌ1€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€X‡XXX‡ÔÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€DX›‚XXDX›‚ÔÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€5€gŽÔUSUS.,ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ <€//-"ý#9!3C"// „C„<ÐÔ_**ÔÔ ÿÿ ÔÌ1€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€15€gÌ2€g€<€Q€ŽÔ€X‡XXX‡ÔÔ€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#ŽÔ€DX›‚XXDX›‚ÔÔ€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€25€gŽÔUSUS.,ÔÔ_**ÔÔ  ÔÔ_**ÔÐ <€//-"ý#9!4C"// „C„<Ð1.5€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€8€gÐ ?€///,!ý#9!5C"// „C„?Ð8€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€40€gÐ S€//D,ý#9!6C"  O /// €O€‚‚ƒƒ„C„SÐò òCategory€Có óÐ ;€//,!L%ˆ"7C// „C„;Ð5€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€15€gÐ ;€//,!L%ˆ"8C"// „C„;Ð25€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€750€gÐ ;€//,!L%ˆ"9C"// „C„;Ð8€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô€25€gÐ ?€///,!L%ˆ":C"// „C„?Ð40€g€<€Q€Ô€DX›‚XXX‡Ô#Ô€X‡XXDX›‚Ô1000€gÐ U€///D,L%ˆ";C"  O /// €O€‚‚ƒƒ„C„UÐò òCategory€Dó óÐ =€///,!›&×#<C/// „C„=Ð15€g€<€QÐ =€///,!›&×#=C"/// „C„=Ð750€g€<€QÐ =€///,!›&×#>C"/// „C„=Ð25€g€<€QÐ ?€////,!›&×#?C"/// „C„?Ð1€000€g€<€QÐ<20›&×#@C"  O  //// <ÐÓT.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÌtÌFM& Ô —XTÓÌÔ€&»&%XX‡Ô5.€à $ àA€lithium€cell€or€battery€in€Category€A€may€be€transported€without€meeting€any€requirements€ofÐ Æ(&A Ðthese€regulations€other€than€paragraphs€1,€2,€3€and€10€of€this€special€provision.€òò€óóÐ ¢)Þ&B ÐÌà  àà Ì à6.€à $ àA€lithium€cell€or€battery€in€Category€B€may€be€transported€without€meeting€any€requirements€ofÐ Z+–(D Ðthese€regulations€other€than€paragraphs€1,€2,€3€and€10€of€this€special€provision€provided€its€cell€or€batteryÏtype€has€been€tested€according€to€sub„section€38.3€of€the€Manual€of€Tests€and€Criteria€and€has€passed€theÏtests.€Ìà  àÌ7.€à $ àA€lithium€cell€or€battery€in€Category€C€or€in€Category€D€may€be€transported€provided€its€cell€orÐ ¦/â,I Ðbattery€type€has€been€tested€according€to€sub„section€38.3€of€the€Manual€of€Tests€and€Criteria€and€hasÏpassed€the€tests.€In€this€case€the€primary€class€is€Class€9.€Ð ^1š.K Ї8.€à $ àNew,€Ô_**ÔuncycledÔ_**Ô€and€fully€discharged€lithium€ion€cells€or€batteries€are€not€subject€to€these€RegulationsÐ Ä Ðif:ÌÌà $ à(a)€the€electrolyte€does€not€meet€the€definition€of€any€class€or€division€in€these€Regulations;€orÌÌà $ à(b)€the€electrolyte€meets€the€definition€of€a€class€or€division€in€these€Regulations€but€the€electrolyteÏwill€not€flow€from€a€ruptured€or€cracked€case€and€there€is€no€free€liquid€to€flow.ÌÌà  àà Ì à9.€à $ àNo€cells€or€batteries€may€be€transported€within€seven€days€of€an€event€which€may€have€damaged€theÐ ¤ à Ðcell€or€battery€or€its€protective€features€unless€the€cell€or€battery€is€visually€inspected€and€its€voltage€isÏverified€as€not€having€changed€due€to€the€event.Ìà  àà Ì àÌ10.€€A€consignment€of€lithium€or€lithium„ion€cells€or€batteries€in€Category€A€or€B€which€exceeds€500€kg€andÏis€to€be€delivered€to€one€destination€may€be€transported€provided€that€the€shipping€pallet€containing€theÏconsignment€is€marked€on€all€four€sides€with€a€label€that€contains€the€words€"Lithium€Batteries"€andÏappropriate€safety€warnings€in€English€and€Japanese.€€The€dimensions€of€the€label€shall€be€the€size€of€A4€orÏA5€paper.€€The€typeface€of€each€word€in€the€label€shall€be€3„5€cm€in€height.Ìà $ àÌ11.à $ àA€lithium€cell€or€battery€which€does€not€satisfy€the€provisions€of€paragraph€5,€6,€7,€8,€9€or10€mayÐ <x Ðonly€be€transported€with€special€authorization€granted€by€the€competent€authority.ÌÌà  àà Ì à12.€à $ àA€cell€or€battery€type€may€be€exempted€by€the€competent€authority€from€having€to€satisfy€theÐ Ð  Ðrequirements€of€testing€provided€the€cell€or€battery€type€will€be€transported€under€conditions€which€willÏprovide,€in€the€opinion€of€the€competent€authority,€a€level€of€safety€equivalent€to€that€which€would€beÏattained€had€the€tests€been€passed.ððÌÐ  @| Ðò òRecommendation€2ó ó€:Ð Ä ÐÌAmend€sub„section€38.3€of€the€Manual€of€Tests€and€Criteria€to€read:ÌÌÓ$ÈÈè @#ÈÈX$Óð ð€ò ò38.3.1ó ó€This€section€presents€the€tests€required€under€special€provision€188€of€the€Model€Regulations.Ð 8t ÐÌ38.3.2€This€section€presents€definitions€for€special€provision€188.ÌÌÔ& ¸ ÔÓE.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈ‚XEÓòòBatteryóó€means€two€or€more€cells,€including€case,€terminals,€and€marking.Ð ¬ è ÐÔ'¸¬ 7œÔÌòòCellóó€means€a€single€encased€electrochemical€unit€(one€positive€and€one€negative€electrode)€which€exhibits€aÐ d    Ðvoltage€differential€across€its€two€terminals.€Under€these€Regulations,€to€the€extent€the€encasedÏelectrochemical€unit€meets€the€definition€of€ð ðcellðð€herein,€it€is€a€ð ðcell,ðð€not€a€ð ðbattery,ðð€regardless€of€whetherÏthe€unit€is€termed€a€ð ðbatteryðð€or€a€ð ðsingle€cell€batteryðð€outside€of€these€Regulations.ÌÌòòComponent€cellóó€means€a€cell€contained€in€a€battery.Ð °ì  ÐÌòòCycleóó€means€one€sequence€of€fully€charging€and€fully€discharging€a€rechargeable€cell€or€battery.Ð h¤ ÐÌòòEffluentóó€means€a€liquid€or€gas€released€when€a€cell€or€battery€vents€or€leaks.Ð  \ ÐÌòòExplosionóó€means€an€instantaneous€release€wherein€solid€matter€from€any€part€of€the€cell€or€battery€isÐ Ø Ðpropelled€to€a€distance€greater€than€25€cm€away€from€the€cell€or€battery.ÌÌòòFireóó€means€combustion€of€cell€or€battery€components€with€emission€of€flame.€Ð l¨ ÐÌòòFirst€cycleóó€means€the€initial€cycle€following€completion€of€all€manufacturing€processes.Ð $` ÐÌòòFully€chargedóó€means€a€rechargeable€cell€or€battery€which€has€been€electrically€charged€to€its€rated€capacity.Ð Ü ÐÌòòFully€dischargedóó€means€either:€(a)€a€primary€cell€or€battery€which€has€been€electrically€discharged€to€removeÐ ”Ð Ð100%€of€its€rated€capacity;€or€(b)€a€rechargeable€cell€or€battery€which€has€been€electrically€discharged€to€aÏload€voltage€of€less€than€2/3€of€its€starting€open€circuit€voltage.ÌÌòòLeakageóó€means€the€unplanned€escape€of€electrolyte,€gas,€or€other€Ô_**ÔflowableÔ_**Ô€material€from€a€cell€or€battery.Ð  @" ÐÌòòLithium€content€óóis€applied€to€lithium€metal€and€lithium€alloy€cells€and€batteries,€and€for€a€cell€means€theÐ ¼!ø$ Ðmass€of€lithium€in€the€negative€electrode€of€a€lithium€metal€or€lithium€alloy€cell€when€undischarged€or€fullyÏcharged.€The€lithium€content€of€a€battery€equals€the€sum€of€the€grams€of€lithium€content€contained€in€theÏcomponent€cells€of€the€battery.Ìà $ àÌÔ& t ÔòòLithium„equivalent€contentóó€is€applied€to€lithium„ion€cells€and€batteries,€and€for€a€cell€is€measured€as€0.3Ð &D#) Ðtimes€the€rated€capacity€of€the€cell€in€ampere„hours,€with€the€result€expressed€in€grams.€The€lithium„¼equivalent€content€of€a€battery€equals€the€sum€of€the€grams€of€lithium„equivalent€content€contained€in€theÏcomponent€cells€of€the€battery.ÌÌòòLithium„ionóó€cell€or€battery€means€a€rechargeable€electrochemical€cell€or€battery€in€which€the€positive€andÐ T*'. Ðnegative€electrodes€are€both€intercalation€compounds€(intercalated€lithium€exists€in€an€ionic€or€quasi„atomicÏform€within€the€lattice€of€the€electrode€material)€constructed€with€no€metallic€lithium€in€either€electrode.€AÏlithium€polymer€cell€or€battery€that€uses€lithium„ion€chemistries,€as€described€herein,€is€regulated€as€aÏlithium„ion€cell€or€battery.ÌÔ't &¢¥ÔÌòòPrimaryóó€means€a€cell€or€battery€which€is€not€designed€to€be€electrically€charged€or€recharged.Ð |/¸,4 Ðâ âÐ X0”-5 ÐòòÔ& ” Ôâ âProtective€devicesóó€means€devices€such€as€fuses,€diodes€and€current€limiters€which€interrupt€the€current€flow,Ð Ä Ðâ âblock€the€current€flow€in€one€direction€or€limit€the€current€flow€in€an€electrical€circuit.ÌÔ'”Ä¿©ÔÌòòRated€capacityóó€means€the€capacity,€in€ampere„hours,€of€a€cell€or€battery€as€measured€by€subjecting€it€to€aÐ X” Ðload,€temperature€and€voltage€cutoff€point€specified€by€the€manufacturer.ÌÌòòRechargeableóó€means€a€cell€or€battery€which€is€designed€to€be€electrically€recharged.Ð ì( ÐÌòòRuptureóó€means€the€mechanical€failure€of€a€cell€container€or€battery€case€induced€by€an€internal€or€externalÐ ¤ à Ðcause,€resulting€in€exposure€or€spillage€but€not€ejection€of€solid€materials.Ì€ÌòòSeries€ST€testsóó€are€the€particular€series€of€tests€for€cells€and€batteries€set€forth€in€section€38.3.4,€below.Ð 8 t  ÐÌòòShort€circuitóó€means€a€direct€connection€between€positive€and€negative€terminals€of€a€cell€or€battery€thatÐ ð ,  Ðprovides€a€virtual€zero€resistance€path€for€current€flow.ÌÌòòTypeóó€means€a€particular€electrochemical€system€and€physical€design€of€cells€or€batteries.Ð „À  ÐÌòòUndischargedóó€means€the€cell€or€battery€is€at€the€maximum€electrical€potential€it€will€experience€duringÐ <x Ðnormal€usage.ÌÌòòVentingóó€means€the€release€of€excessive€internal€pressure€from€a€cell€or€battery€in€a€manner€intended€byÐ Ð  Ðdesign€to€preclude€rupture€or€explosion.ÌÌòòWeight€lossóó€means€a€loss€of€weight€that€exceed€the€values€in€Table€1,€below.€In€order€to€quantify€the€weightÐ d  Ðloss,€the€following€procedure€is€provided.€Weight€loss€=€(òòWóóòò1óó€ð!ð€òòWóóòò2óó)/Wòò1óó€x€100%€where€òòWóóòò1óó€is€the€weightÐ @| Ðbefore€the€test€and€òòWóóòò2óó€is€the€weight€after€the€test.€When€weight€loss€does€not€exceed€the€values€in€Table€1,€itÐ X Ðshall€be€considered€as€ð ðno€weight€loss.ððÌÌò òTable€1€ð!ð€Weight€loss€limitsÐ °ì ÐÌÔ*«ƒGH z ddn"@n¤"@¤v"@vÔ"@Ôv""@vBC̤#̤#«ÔÔ,ž`P@ÔÔ,S``@ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€//" h¤ €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„1ÐWeight€òòWóó€of€cell€orÐ x´  Ðbatteryó óÐ ?€///,!T!C"// „C„?Ðò òWeight€loss€limitó óÐ N€//?'x´"C"  /// €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„NÐòòWóó€Ô€D&î%%&»&Ô#Ô€&»&%%D&îÔ€1€gÐ ?€///,!@|#C"// „C„?Ð0.5€%Ð N€//?'@|$C"  /// €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„NÐ1€g€<€W€Ô€D&î%%&»&Ô#Ô€&»&%%D&îÔ€5€gÐ ?€///,!, h%C"// „C„?Ð0.2€%Ð P€///?', h&C"  /// €€‚‚ƒƒ„C„PÐòòWóó€>€5€gÐ ?€////,!!T'C"/// „C„?Ð0.1%Ð7-+!T(C"   //// 7ÐÌò òÌ38.3.3ó ó€When€a€cell€or€battery€type€is€to€be€tested€under€this€sub„section,€the€number€and€condition€of€cellsÐ ¼#ø * Ðand€batteries€of€each€type€to€be€tested€are€as€follows:ÌÌÓH4ÈÈ x  Ð Ý (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈXHÓà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà $ à(a)€à | àWhen€testing€primary€cells€and€batteries€under€Tests€ST.1€to€ST.5€€the€following€shall€beÐ T&#- Ðtested:Ð | ¤#| ¤# ÐÓQ.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈ‚X Ð Ý (‰XQÓÌà $ àà | à(Ô_**ÔiÔ_**Ô)€à Ô àten€cells€in€undischarged€states,€Ð è($&0 ÐÌà $ àà | à(ii)€à Ô àten€cells€in€fully€discharged€states,Ð  *Ü'2 ÐÌà $ àà | à(iii)€à Ô àfour€batteries€in€undischarged€states,€andÐ X,”)4 Ðà $ àÌà $ àà | à(iv)€à Ô àfour€batteries€in€fully€discharged€states;Ð .L+6 ÐÌÓB.ÈÈkx Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈXBÓà0 o àà0| o¤#o¤#àà o àà Ì àà o à(b)€à | àWhen€testing€rechargeable€cells€and€batteries€under€Tests€ST.1€to€ST.5€the€following€shallÐ È/-8 Ðbe€tested:Ð | ¤#| ¤# ÐÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈkx ‹XHÓà0 $ àà Ì àЀ1¼.:$¤#$¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à€(Ô_**ÔiÔ_**Ô)€à Ô àten€cells,€at€first€cycle,€in€fully€charged€states,ÐÄ| ¤#| ¤# ÐÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(ii)à Ô àten€cells,€at€first€cycle,€in€fully€discharged€states,Ð|¸| ¤#| ¤# ЀÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(iii)€à Ô àfour€batteries,€at€first€cycle,€in€fully€charged€states,Ð4p| ¤#| ¤# ЀÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(iv)€à Ô àfour€batteries,€at€first€cycle,€in€fully€discharged€states,Ðì(| ¤#| ¤# ÐÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(v)€à Ô àfour€batteries€after€fifty€deep€cycles€ending€in€fully€charged€states,€andФ à| ¤#| ¤# ÐÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(vi)€à Ô àfour€batteries€after€fifty€deep€cycles€ending€in€fully€discharged€states.Ð\ ˜ | ¤#| ¤# ÐÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà $ àà Ì àà $ à€(c)€à | àWhen€testing€primary€and€rechargeable€cells€under€the€ST.6€test,€the€following€shall€beÐ  P  Ðtested:Ð | ¤#| ¤# ЀÌÔ& ( Ôà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à(i)à Ô àfor€primary€cells,€five€cells€in€undischarged€states€and€five€cells€in€fully€dischargedÐ ¨ä  Ðstates,€Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à€Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à(ii)à Ô àfor€component€cells€of€primary€batteries,€five€cells€in€undischarged€states€and€fiveÐ <x Ðcells€in€fully€discharged€states,Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à€Ô'(¨'ÀÔÐ Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à(iii)à Ô àfor€rechargeable€cells,€five€cells€at€first€cycle€in€the€state€of€charge€when€transportedÐ Ð  Ð(normally€less€than€50%)€and€five€cells€after€50€deep€cycles€ending€in€fullyÏdischarged€states,€and€Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à€Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à(iv)à Ô àfor€component€cells€of€rechargeable€batteries,€five€cells€at€first€cycle€in€the€state€ofÐ @| Ðcharge€when€transported€(normally€less€than€50%)€and€five€cells€after€50€deepÏcycles€ending€in€fully€discharged€states.Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à€Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# ÐÓ<(È Èx (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX<Óà0 | àIn€the€case€of€prismatic€cells,€ten€test€cells€are€required€for€each€of€the€states€of€charge€beingÏtested,€instead€of€the€five€described€above,€in€order€that€the€procedure€can€be€carried€out€onÏfive€cells€along€the€longitudinal€axes€and,€separately,€five€cells€along€the€other€axes.€In€everyÏcase,€the€test€cell€is€only€subjected€to€one€crush.Ð | ¤#| ¤# ÐÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈ‚°€ˆXHÓà0 $ àÐ $¤#$¤# ÐÓ-ÈÈ —è @#ÈÈX-Óà0 $ à€€€(d)€€When€testing€rechargeable€batteries€under€the€ST.7€test,€the€following€shall€be€tested:Ð $¤#$¤# ÐÓ3ÈÈè @#ÈÈ —‚X3ÓÌÓ0ÈÈx è @#ÈÈ‚X0Óà0 | à(i)€four€rechargeable€batteries,€at€first€cycle,€in€fully€charged€states,€andÐ | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 | àÐ | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 | à(ii)€four€rechargeable€batteries€after€fifty€deep€cycles,€ending€in€fully€charged€states.Ð | ¤#| ¤# ÐÓ3ÈÈ è @#ÈÈx ‚X3Óà0 $ àÐ $¤#$¤# ÐÓN1ÈÈ Lx Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈ ‚XNÓà0 $ àà0P$¤#$¤#àà $ à(e)€When€testing€primary€cells,€primary€batteries€and€rechargeable€batteries€under€the€ST.8€test,€theÏfollowing€shall€be€tested:Ð P¤#P¤# Ðà0 $ àà0P$¤#$¤#àà $ àÐ P¤#P¤# ÐÓH+È Èx Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈ ‚,Ð ŠXHÓà0 | à(i)€€ten€primary€cells€in€fully€discharged€states;Ð | ¤#| ¤# ÐÓE.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈx ‹XEÓà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àÐ | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(ii)€€four€primary€batteries€in€fully€discharged€states;Ð | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àÐ | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(iii)€€four€rechargeable€batteries,€at€first€cycle,€in€fully€discharged€states,€and€Ð | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àÐ | ¤#| ¤# Ðà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#à(iv)€€four€rechargeable€batteries€after€fifty€deep€cycles€ending€in€fully€discharged€states.Ð | ¤#| ¤# ÐÌÔ_**Ôâ âÐ ˜.Ô+3 ÐÔ& t Ôâ âò ò38.3.4€Procedure€and€General€Pass€Conditions€ó óÐ Ä ÐÌà $ à(a)€à | àEach€cell€and€battery€type€must€be€subjected€to€tests€ST.1€to€ST.5€in€sequence.€Ð |¸ Ðâ âÌà0 $ àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | àà $ à(b)à | à(Ô_**ÔiÔ_**Ô)€à Ô àIf€the€cell€or€battery€ruptures€or€a€short€circuit€develops€before€Test€ST.5€isÐ 4p Ðcommenced€that€type€of€cell€or€battery€fails€the€tests.€A€short€circuit€is€deemed€toÏhave€occurred€during€one€of€Test€ST.1€to€ST.4€if€the€open€circuit€voltage€of€the€cellÏor€battery€after€the€test€is€less€than€90%€of€its€voltage€immediately€prior€to€the€test.ÏThe€requirement€relating€to€voltage€is€not€applicable€to€test€cells€and€batteries€atÏfully€discharged€states.Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# ÐÔ't Ä'ÏÔà0 $ àÐ $¤#$¤# ÐÓH4Èȳ x Ð (5€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈXHÓà0 · àà0$·¤#·¤#àà0| $¤#$¤#àà0Ô | ¤#| ¤#àà | à€(ii)€à Ô àIf€the€mass€of€the€cell€or€battery€declines,€from€the€commencement€of€test€ST.1€toÐ 8 t  Ðthe€conclusion€of€test€ST.5€by€more€than€the€weight€loss€limit€shown€in€Table€1,Ïthat€type€of€cell€or€battery€fails€the€tests.Ð Ô ¤#Ô ¤# ÐÓT1Èȳ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#Èȳ ƒX5€ˆXTÓ€ÌÓ<"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#Èȳ ŒX<Óò ò38.3.4.1€Test€ST.1:€Vibrationó óÐ ¨ä  ÐÌÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓ38.3.4.1.1€€òòPurposeóóÐ `œ ÐÌThis€test€simulates€vibration€during€transportation.€ÌÌÔ&  Ô38.3.4.1.2€òòTest€procedureóóÐ Ð  ÐÌTest€cells€and€batteries€shall€be€subjected€to€simple€harmonic€motion€with€an€amplitude€of€0.8€mm€(1.6€mmÏtotal€maximum€excursion).€€The€frequency€shall€be€varied€at€a€rate€of€1€Hz/minute€between€10€Hz€and€55ÏHz,€and€return€in€no€less€than€90€minutes€and€no€more€than€100€minutes.€€Each€test€cell€and€battery€shall€beÏtested€in€three€mutually€perpendicular€directions.€ÌÔ'ÐâÕÔÌ38.3.4.1.3€€òòRequirementóóÐ Ô ÐÌCells€and€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€they€satisfy€the€general€pass€conditions€of€38.3.4€and€there€is€noÏweight€loss,€no€leakage,€no€venting,€no€explosion,€and€no€fire,€and€if€the€open€circuit€voltage€of€each€test€cellÏor€battery€after€testing€is€not€less€than€90%€of€its€voltage€immediately€prior€to€this€procedure.€€TheÏrequirement€relating€to€voltage€is€not€applicable€to€test€cells€and€batteries€at€fully€discharged€states.ÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓÌò ò38.3.4.2€€Test€ST.2:€€Shockó óÐ Ø # ÐÌÔ& p ÔÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓ38.3.4.2.1€€òòPurposeóóÐ "Ì% ÐÌThis€test€simulates€rough€handling€during€transportation.ÌÔ'p"ýÙÔÌÔ& ¼ Ô38.3.4.2.2€€òòTest€procedureóóÐ &<#) ÐÌTest€cells€and€batteries€shall€be€secured€to€the€testing€machine€by€means€of€a€rigid€mount€which€will€supportÏall€mounting€surfaces€of€each€test€battery.€€Each€test€cell€and€battery€shall€be€subjected€to€a€total€of€threeÏshocks€of€equal€magnitude.€€The€shocks€shall€be€applied€in€each€of€three€mutually€perpendicular€axes.ÏForñ~ñÏñ~ñññññeach€shock,€the€test€cell€and€battery€shall€be€accelerated€in€such€a€manner€that€during€the€first€threeÏmilliseconds€the€minimum€average€acceleration€is€75€Ô_**ÔgòònÔ_**Ôóó.€€The€peak€acceleration€shall€be€between€125€Ô_**ÔgòònÔ_**ÔóóÐ (+d(/ Ðandñ|ñÐ (+d(/ Ðñ|ññ}ññ}ñ175€Ô_**ÔgòònÔ_**Ôóó.Ð ,@)0 ÐÔ'¼&ÎÚÔÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓHowever,€for€Category€D€cells€exceeding€750€g€and€Category€D€batteries,€there€is€no€three€millisecondÏrequirement,€the€peak€acceleration€shall€be€not€less€than€50€gòònóó€and€the€peak€acceleration€shall€be€attainedÐ ˜.Ô+3 Ðwithin€11€milliseconds.Ìâ âÐ P0Œ-5 ÐÔ&  Ôâ âÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓ38.3.4.2.3€€òòRequirementóóÐ Ä ÐÌCells€and€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€they€satisfy€the€general€pass€conditions€of€38.3.4€and€there€is€noÏweight€loss,€no€leakage,€no€venting,€no€explosion,€and€no€fire,€and€if€the€open€circuit€voltage€of€each€test€cellÏor€battery€after€testing€is€not€less€than€90%€of€its€voltage€immediately€prior€to€this€procedure.€TheÏrequirement€relating€to€voltage€is€not€applicable€to€test€cells€and€batteries€at€fully€discharged€states.ÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓÔ'ÄwßÔÌÔ& $ Ôò ò38.3.4.3€€Test€ST.3:€€Expansion€and€Contractionó óÐ È ÐÌÔ€X‡X%&»&Ô38.3.4.3.1€€òòPurposeóóñzñÓ ð62ÓñzñÐ € ¼  ÐÌÔ€&»&%XX‡ÔThis€test€assesses€cell€and€battery€seal€integrity,€and€internal€electrical€connections.€€The€test€is€conductedÐ X ”  Ðusing€rapid€and€extreme€temperature€changes.ÌÔ'$ÈâÔÌ38.3.4.3.2€€òòTest€procedureóóÐ ì(  ÐÌTest€cells€and€batteries€shall€be€stored€for€six€hours€at€a€temperature€of€(75€ðð€2)ð$ð€C,€followed€by€storage€forÐ ¤à  Ðsix€hours€at€a€temperature€of€(„20€ðð€2)ð$ð€C,€followed€by€storage€for€at€least€24€hours€at€ambient€temperature.€Ð €¼ ÐThe€maximum€time€for€transfer€to€each€temperature€shall€be€ten€€minutes.€€Each€test€cell€and€battery€mustÏundergo€this€procedure€five€times.€€ÌÌÓ<"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇X<ÓIn€the€case€of€Category€D€cells€or€batteries,€the€maximum€time€for€transfer€to€each€temperature€shall€be€120Ïminutes.ÌÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓÌÔ&  Ô38.3.4.3.3€€òòRequirementóóÐ „À ÐÌCells€and€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€they€satisfy€the€general€pass€conditions€of€38.3.4€and€there€is€noÏleakage,€no€venting,€no€explosion,€and€no€fire,€and€if€the€open€circuit€voltage€of€each€test€cell€or€battery€afterÏtesting€is€not€less€than€90%€of€its€voltage€immediately€prior€to€this€procedure.€€The€requirement€relating€toÏvoltage€is€not€applicable€to€test€cells€and€batteries€at€fully€discharged€states.ÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓÔ'„æÔñwñÌñwñÌò ò38.3.4.4€€Test€ST.4:€€Pressure€Differentialó óÐ ˆÄ ÐñyñÓ ¾ÛÈð62ÓñyññxñÌñxñÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÔ€&»&%%&»&ÔÔ€&»&%%&»&ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& € ÔÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓÔ  ÔÔ€X‡X%&»&Ô38.3.4.4.1€€òòPurposeóóÔ úéÔñyñÓ ð62¾ÛÈÓñyñÐ d   ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿ)éero€ÝÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€&»&%XX‡ÔÔ€&»&%%&»&ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝñzñÓ ð62ÓñzñÌThis€test€simulates€air€transportation€under€low€pressure€conditions.ÌÔ'€d¦éÔÌÔ& L Ô38.3.4.4.2€€òòTest€procedureóóÐ ä! $ ÐÌTest€cells€and€batteries€shall€be€stored€at€a€pressure€of€11.6€kPa€or€less€for€at€least€six€hours€and€at€anÏambient€temperature.ÌÔ'Lä!…ëÔñzñÓ ¾ÛÈÓñzñÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÔ€&»&%%&»&ÔÔ€&»&%%&»&ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ&  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€X‡X%&»&Ô38.3.4.4.3€€òòRequirementóóÔ íÔñzñÓ ð62ÓñzñÐ 0&l#) ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿ|ìero€ÝÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€&»&%XX‡ÔÔ€&»&%%&»&ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝñzñÓ ð62ÓñzñÌCells€and€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€they€satisfy€the€general€pass€conditions€of€38.3.4€and€there€is€noÏweight€loss,€no€leakage,€no€venting,€no€explosion,€and€no€fire,€and€if€the€open€circuit€voltage€of€each€test€cellÏor€battery€after€testing€is€not€less€than€90%€of€its€voltage€immediately€prior€to€this€procedure.€€TheÏrequirement€relating€to€voltage€is€not€applicable€to€test€cells€and€batteries€at€fully€discharged€states.ÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓÔ'0&ùìÔÌòòóóÌÔ& ( Ôò ò38.3.4.5€€Test€ST.5:€€External€Short€Circuitó óÐ  -\*1 ÐÌÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓ38.3.4.5.1€€òòPurposeóóÐ Ø.,3 ÐÌThis€test€simulates€an€external€short€circuit.ÌÔ'( ->ðÔÐ l1¨.6 ÐÔ&  Ô38.3.4.5.2€€òòTest€procedureóóÐ Ä ÐÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓThe€cell€or€battery€to€be€tested€shall€be€stabilized€at€55€ðð€2ð$ð€C€and€then€subjected€to€a€short€circuit€conditionÐ |¸ Ðwith€a€total€external€resistance€of€less€than€0.1€ohm€at€55€ðð€2ð$ð€C.€€This€short„circuit€condition€is€continuedÐ X” Ðfor€at€least€one€hour€after€the€cell€or€battery€case€temperature€has€returned€to€55€ðð€2ð$ð€C.€€The€cell€or€batteryÐ 4p Ðmust€be€observed€for€a€further€six€hours€for€the€test€to€be€concluded.ÌÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓÔ'Ä`ñÔÌ38.3.4.5.3€€òòRequirementóóÐ È ÐÌCells€and€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€they€satisfy€the€general€pass€conditions€of€38.3.4€and€theirÏexternal€temperature€does€not€exceed€150òòo€óóC€and€there€is€no€explosion€and€no€fire€within€six€€hours€of€thisÐ \ ˜  Ðtest.ÌÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6Óò ò38.3.4.6€€Test€ST.6€Internal€Short€Circuitó óÐ ð ,  ÐÌ38.3.4.6.1€€òòPurposeóó€Ð ¨ä  ÐÌThis€test€simulates€an€internal€short€circuit.€ÌÌ38.3.4.6.2€€òòTest€procedureóóÐ T ÐÌThe€cell€or€component€cell€to€be€tested€shall€be€crushed€between€two€flat€surfaces.€The€force€shall€be€appliedÏby€a€vice€or€by€a€hydraulic€ram€with€a€32€mm€diameter€piston.€The€crushing€shall€be€continued€until€ÌÌÓB(È È L„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XBÓà0 $ àà0P$¤#$¤#àà $ à(1)€the€cell€or€component€cell€voltage€drops€abruptly€or€is€reduced€to€at€least€one€third,€or€Ð P¤#P¤# Ðà0 $ àà0P$¤#$¤#àà $ àÐ P¤#P¤# Ðà0 $ àà0P$¤#$¤#àà $ à(2)€a€pressure€reading€of€either€17€Mpa€(an€applied€force€of€approximately€13kN)€or€a€maximumÏforce€of€1000€times€the€weight€of€the€cell€is€attained,€whichever€is€greater.€€Ð P¤#P¤# ÐÓB"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈ L„؇XBÓÌOnce€the€voltage€drops€abruptly€or€is€reduced€to€at€least€one€third,€or€the€maximum€pressure€has€beenÏattained,€the€pressure€shall€be€released.ÌÌÓ-ÈȆè @#ÈȄ؇X-ÓA€cylindrical€cell€or€component€cell€shall€be€crushed€with€its€longitudinal€axis€parallel€to€the€flat€surfaces€ofÏthe€crushing€apparatus.€A€prismatic€cell€or€component€cell€shall€be€crushed€by€applying€the€force€in€theÏdirection€of€one€of€the€two€axes€perpendicular€to€its€longitudinal€axis,€and,€separately,€with€another€test€cellÏor€component€cell,€by€applying€the€force€in€the€direction€of€the€other€one€of€these€two€axes.€A€button/coinÏcell€or€component€cell€shall€be€crushed€by€applying€force€on€its€flat€surfaces.ÌÌÓ<"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȆ‚X<ÓEach€cell€or€component€cell€used€in€the€test€shall€only€be€crushed€once.€€ÌÌ38.3.4.6.3€€òòRequirementóó€Ð $%`"( ÐÌThe€type€of€cell€or€component€cell€under€test€fails€the€test€if€any€cell€or€component€cell€ignites€or€explodes.ÏCells€and€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€their€external€temperature€does€not€exceed€150òòo€óóC€and€there€is€noÐ ¸'ô$+ Ðexplosion€and€no€fire€within€six€hours€of€this€test.ò òÐ ”(Ð%, ÐÌ38.3.4.7€€Test€ST.7:€€Overchargeó óÐ L*ˆ'. ÐÌÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓ38.3.4.7.1€€òòPurposeóóÐ ,@)0 Ðò òó óÌThis€test€evaluates€the€ability€of€a€rechargeable€battery€to€withstand€an€overcharge€condition.Ìâ âÐ ˜.Ô+3 Ðñ{ñÔ& ( Ôâ âñ{ñ38.3.4.7.2€€òòTest€procedureóóÐ Ä ЀÌThe€charge€current€shall€be€twice€the€manufacturer's€recommended€continuous€charge€current.€€TheÏmaximum€voltage€of€the€test€shall€be€two€times€the€maximum€charge€voltage€of€the€battery,€and€shall€notÏexceed€20€V.Ìñ{ñÔ'(ĉÿÔñ{ñÌTests€are€to€be€conducted€at€an€ambient€temperature.€€The€duration€of€the€test€shall€be€24€hours.ÌÌÔ& L Ô38.3.4.7.3€€òòRequirementóóÐ ¤ à ÐÌRechargeable€batteries€meet€this€requirement€if€there€is€no€explosion€and€no€fire€within€seven€days€of€theÏtest.ÌÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6ÓÔ'L¤ 2ÔÌÌò ò38.3.4.8€€Test€ST.8:€€Forced€Dischargeó óÐ Ì  ÐÓH.ÈÈ x Ð (€Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈȄ؇XHÓÌ38.3.4.8.1€PurposeÌÌThe€test€evaluates€the€ability€of€a€primary€cell€and€battery,€or€a€rechargeable€battery,€to€withstand€a€forcedÏdischarge€condition.ÌÌ38.3.4.8.2€Test€ProcedureÌÌFor€primary€cells€and€batteries,€test€cells€and€batteries€are€connected€in€a€series€string€with€undischargedÏprimary€cells€and€batteries€of€the€same€type.€€For€primary€cells€with€nominal€voltage€of€less€than€2€volts€andÏprimary€batteries€containing€component€cells€with€a€nominal€voltage€of€less€than€2€volts€each,€the€totalÏnumber€of€primary€cells€and€batteries,€including€the€test€primary€cell€or€battery,€is€defined€by€ð ð18€volts/Vðð,Ïrounded€up€to€the€nearest€whole€number€where€V€is€the€nominal€voltage€of€one€primary€cell€or€battery.€€ForÏprimary€cells€with€nominal€voltage€of€2€volts€or€more,€and€primary€batteries€containing€component€cells€withÏnominal€voltage€of€2€volts€or€more,€the€total€number€of€primary€cells€or€batteries€in€the€series€string,Ïincluding€the€test€primary€cell€or€battery,€is€defined€by€ð ð12volts/Vðð,€rounded€up€to€the€nearest€whole€number,Ïwhere€V€is€the€nominal€voltage€of€one€primary€cell€or€battery.€€A€resistive€load€is€added€to€the€series€string€ofÏprimary€cells€or€batteries.€€The€resistive€load€is€such€that€the€average€current€draw€is€the€same€as€theÏmaximum€discharge€current€specified€by€the€manufacturer.€€When€this€average€current€draw€cannot€beÏachieved€employing€this€test€procedure,€the€current€draw€required€is€the€maximum€current€attainableÏaccording€to€this€test€procedure€at€the€ambient€temperature€at€which€the€test€is€performed.€€However,€when€itÏis€very€difficult€to€specify€the€above€load€resistance,€this€test€can€also€be€performed€by€the€constant€currentÏdischarge€method€at€the€current€specified€as€per€the€above,€by€using€an€external€D.C.€power€source.€€TheÏcurrent€is€closed,€discharging€the€test€primary€cell€or€battery.€€The€test€is€continued€from€the€time€the€circuitÏis€closed€until€the€voltage€of€the€series€string€reaches€10%€of€its€original€open€circuit€voltage€or€24€hours,Ïwhichever€is€longer.ÌÌFor€a€primary€battery,€the€battery€shall€be€discharged€using€a€constant€current€of€0.2€Iòòtóó(A)€until€the€batteryÐ Ü&$* Ðcircuitry€terminates€discharge€or€until€the€battery€voltage€reaches€0€V€at€an€ambient€temperature.€(Iòòtóó(A)€=Ð ¸'ô$+ ÐCapacity€(Ah)/1(hr).)ÌÌ38.3.4.8.3€RequirementÌÌTest€primary€cells€and€batteries,€and€rechargeable€batteries,€meet€this€requirement€if€there€is€no€explosionÏand€no€fire€within€seven€days€of€the€test.Ìà@%8àÓ6"È È„Ø0ˆà8è @#ÈÈX6Óò ò____________ó óÔ€ôÃõ%&»&Ô