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In addition, 13 eminent population experts, including the authors of the background papers,  "discussants and members of the Advisory Group for the Meeting, invited in their personal capacity, also attended.  X29.  A complete list of participants is contained in document CES/PAU/1998/13.  X!2 D   Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"10.The Meeting set up a Drafting Group to review and finalise the Report of the Meeting and  X"2 "its annex, Conclusions (CES/PAU/1998/30/Annex I). The drafting group met on 7 and 8 December 1998.  6  Body Text  a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"aa'  X>&2B. Agenda 'ai  X(211.  The Meeting adopted the following agenda (CES/PAU/1998/1):  X)2  aa 11.  tAdoption of the agenda  X+2  aa 12.  tElection of the Bureau   aa 1",22. .*N"Ԍ X2  aa 13.  tSalient population developments: issues and policies   aa 1  tii  X2  aa 14.  tFertility and reproductive rights: issues and policies  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. a  iq!y)"  iq!y)" 1X  t 1Mortality and health, including reproductive health: issues and policies#   iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  Xv2  aa 16.  tPopulation ageing: issues and policies  XH2X  XaaX 1X  t 1aa  i  aa 17.  tInternational migration: issues and policies#  X 2  aa 18.  tGeneral debate X  XaaX 1#  X 2  aa 19.  tAdoption of the report X  XaaX 1X  t 1aa  i#  X 2CC. Election of the Bureau 'aiX  XaaX 1X  t 1aa  i#  Xy2 : 412.  The Meeting elected Ms. G. Vukovich, Hungary, Chairperson of the Meeting. It also elected  "the following four ViceChairpersons: Mr. W. Haug, Switzerland, Ms. C. H?hn, Germany, Mr. L.  "#XP\  P6QXP#qstby, Norway, and Ms. V. Steshenko, Ukraine. The Meeting further elected Mr. A. Golini, Italy,  "dChairperson of the Drafting Group. Mr. A. Klinger, the Chairperson of the Advisory Group for the Regional Population Meeting, was an exofficio member of the Bureau. aD. Review of substantive themes  X2 : 13.  The Meeting reviewed the substantive items on its agenda (items 37) on the basis of  X2background papers and national reports. The#XP\  P6QXP# list of docu#XP\  P6QXP#ments is contained in#Xep`Q_7X# #XP\  P6QXP#CES/PAU/1998/29.  XR2w4 E. General debate and adoption of the report 'ai  X$2 : 14.  Following this review a general debate was held on the final day of the Meeting.  X 2 "Subsequently, the Report of the Meeting along with its annex, Conclusions (CES/PAU/1998/30/Annex I), was adopted.  X 2 : 15.  The Meeting decided that the Report, including its annexes, will be submitted to the  "Conference of European Statisticians for consideration and approval. The Meeting requested the  X"2 "Executive Secretary of the ECE to simultaneously transmit the Conclusions  "j(CES/PAU/1998/30/Annex I) to the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations. Also, the Meeting  "requested the Chairperson to concurrently transmit this document to the Preparatory Meeting for the  "Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly for the quinquennial review and appraisal  XB&2of the Programme of Action.  X(2 : X16.  Furthermore, the Drafting Group requested the Chairperson of the Meeting to transmit the  X(2 "document Research Areas (CES/PAU/1998/30/Annex II) to the Conference of European Statisticians, which is a nonnegotiated final document of the Meeting. "*22. .(N"  X2 XFX , P X2header a  iq!y)"9!)"#&J\  P6Q&P#9!)"%8' #XP\  P6QXP#%%!CES/PAU/1998/30 %8' %9!)" %%!Annex I  S(%9!)" %9!& #&J\  P6Q&P#%%!page @header page number#C\  P6QP##&J\  P6Q&P#"D page number" %9!&  a  iq!y)",`|  X211p!1`X`dd S(header a  iq!y)"9!)"#&J\  P6Q&P#H page number#C\  P6QP##&J\  P6Q&P#"GI Hpage number"p$####!#$ a  iq!y)"9!)"CES/PAU/1998/30 Annex I  X2page  page number#C\  P6QP##&J\  P6Q&P#"ID page number" 9!)" a  iq!y)"'a ANNEX I a  &V g Conclusions of the Regional Population Meeting &V )Adopted by the Meeting at its final session on 9 December 1998 &V  X_2 X >V Body Text 2 / "i / 1.   Five years after the 1993 European Population Conference (EPC), the principles underlying  "the consensus reached at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)  X12 "nremain important. The EPC Recommendations, as well as the ICPD Programme of Action have, in  "2particular, recognised that global population and sustainable development are interdependent. The  "2international community has also recognised in these, and in other meetings, the responsibilities of  "Lthe present generations towards future generations. In this connection, the outcome of all United  "Nations Summits and Conferences should also be recalled. The meeting reaffirmed the commitments  "made at these Summits and Conferences. Although farreaching changes have occurred in the last decade as a result of national and international efforts, many challenges remain. "dZ Body Text 2"  X{2 X J  Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"2.  The starting point for the deliberations at the Regional Population Meeting is the EPC  Xd2 "Recommendations and the ICPD Programme of Action. The Meeting fully reaffirmed the agreements  "and commitments contained therein. It concluded that the outcome of the Meeting should be  "nsupportive of, consistent with and based on, these two documents. It also resolved that the outcome  X!2 "2should build on and go beyond the Recommendations and the Programme of Action so that it fully addresses recent developments in the region.  +_  Body Text     X2 heading 1#g2PQ ½P# # XP\  P6QXP#I.  Main issues and policy challenges   c heading 1   b   Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)" 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.   a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"In the ECE region herein referred to as the "region" unprecedented demographic change  "is being experienced. The demographic transition started in this region and developments similar  "to the recent ones are likely to occur in other parts of the world as well. Many countries in the  ",region experience common developments. However, some developments are specific to the countries  "Hwith market economies and many countries with economies in transition face critical trends, especially in the field of health and mortality.  a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  X2 X 4.  Fertility is at present below replacement in large areas of Europe and shows no sign of  "recovery. In some countries, it has approached the level that is one half of the number of children  ".per women necessary for the replacement of generations, a phenomenon never observed during  "peacetime. The fertility under replacement level is, however, a result of the decisions made by  "Zindividuals and couples. It is evident that the developments in the fertility levels reflect the overall  "social and economic situation of citizens. Concurrently, the profound transformation of the family  "continues unabated, resulting in various forms of families and households. In general, the status of  "8women has improved considerably, however, gender inequity persists to varying degrees in all countries.  X@&2  X)'2 X 45.  Persistent low fertility, together with major improvements in oldage mortality contribute to  " population ageing throughout the region. Both trends promise to push the share of older persons to  "one third or more of the population in the next century. In each and every country, population ageing  "profoundly influences the economy and labour market, the fiscal system and public spending, and")0},+'N"  "Lthe family and community. As the share of older persons continues to grow apace, countries are striving to create conditions conducive to active and healthy ageing.  X  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.  The inhabitants of western countries enjoy some of the highest life expectancies in the world.  "2Those in a number of central and east European countries are less fortunate. In this part of Europe,  "especially men of workingage suffer from mortality conditions as bad if not worse than those  "encountered in many developing countries. Excess male mortality is alarmingly large in some  "instances, exceeding 10 years of life expectancy at birth. Also, reproductive health in much of  "Zcentral and east European countries is inadequate. Reliance on induced abortion and limited use of modern contraceptives remains the norm rather than the exception in many of these countries.  X 2 X :7.  Migration movements have abated in some countries of the region, but continue to rise in  "others. While migration can be a beneficial phenomenon, the arrival of undocumented migrants poses  "particular challenges, which require balancing the protection of the human rights of migrants with  "the need to manage migration movements. While integration of migrants is an agreed objective  "across the region, in many instances full integration of migrants into the host society remains to be  "Bachieved. There is an increasing proportion of women among migrants, which calls for genderspecific interventions, provisions and services.     XK2 X  Dd  Body Text  Body Text 38.  Population developments pose manifold, complex and farreaching challenges to families and  "local communities, civil society and the business community, Governments, NGOs and the  " international community at large. Demographic changes are so pervasive that many societal  "Finstitutions respond to them as a matter of course, although often with considerable delay. A multi "Zsectoral approach to population and development issues is called for, taking into account political,  "jsocioeconomic and environmental considerations and the interactions between them to achieve  "sustainable development. Governments and public institutions challenged as they are by the ever "*changing demographic situation should analyse trends keeping the interlinked dimensions of  "development in sight thus avoiding a focus on demographic trends only. These analyses should recognise that many demographic processes manifest themselves only in the long run.  XN2"w Body Text 3"  Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)" II.  Priority themes  X 2 X 9.  Cognisant of the fact that salient population issues in the region are numerous, the Meeting selected the following five priority themes for its deliberations:  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.   a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)" Fertility, family and gender issues;  Reproductive rights and sexual and reproductive health;  Mortality and health;  Population ageing;  International migration.    a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  X  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.  In the intervening short period of time since the EPC and the ICPD, population developments  "Pin many parts of the world have taken a new turn. Developments that five years ago appeared to be  "largely European specificities are now widely recognised to be taking place in other parts of world,  "6particularly in east and southeast Asia. Lower infant and child mortality, belowreplacement fertility  "and accelerating population ageing with its many ramifications are rapidly spreading. In view of this,  "the demographic developments currently characterising the region and the policy responses they are attracting are taking on a wider relevance. "*0},+n(N"Ԍ X2 X Բ11.  The Regional Population Meeting adopted the conclusions contained below and requested  "`the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) that the  "Report of the Meeting, including its annexes, be submitted to the SecretaryGeneral of the United  "Nations. The Meeting also decided that the Report, including its annexes, will be simultaneously  "Vsubmitted to the Conference of European Statisticians for its consideration and adoption. It also  "requested the Chairperson of the Meeting to concurrently transmit the conclusions to the Preparatory  "Committee for the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly for the quinquennial  X_2review and appraisal of the implementation of the Programme of Action.  X32   a  iq!y)"( a  iq!y)" III.((  Conclusions  X 2  ( a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  X <III.1  Fertility, family and gender issues  X 2  X 2 X v12.  The decision to have children can be both affected by and affect the social, economic and  "@demographic environment. The freedom to make choices is resulting in diverse societies with various  "Pforms of the family. In many countries people are increasingly delaying marriage and childbearing,  "have fewer children or remain childless. Increasing numbers are also choosing to live together  "without getting married or remain unmarried; some people have children in consensual unions. There  "are also increased instances of divorce resulting in an increased number of singleparent families,  "the majority of which are headed by women, many of them being economically disadvantaged. These trends pose new challenges for policymakers in the region.  X < X P13.   Support to families with children. All couples and individuals have the basic right to decide  "\freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children, and to have the information,  "education and means to do so. Aware of the difficulties, complexities and the economic burden of  "nraising children in industrialised societies, most of the ECE countries have, over past decades, had  "dprogrammes of support to families with children. In recent years, family policies have continued to  "4evolve, striving, among other things, to enable working parents to simultaneously fulfil their  "|professional and parental aspirations. The approach has been twopronged: to accommodate the needs  "of parents for more flexible work arrangements, including longer and bettercompensated parental  "leave and to provide their families with improved childcare services. Also, these policies have  "continued to meet, in varying degrees, the private cost of bearing and raising children. Where public  "Tfinance considerations required it, child or family allowances became incometested or were reduced  "in real terms. Governments and the business community in the ECE countries will continue to pursue  "Lprogrammes and measures in support of the family; countries in transition, however, expect that  "regaining some lost ground in this area will depend on economic recovery. Broad and fair family "xrelated policies should contribute to enabling couples to have children. At the same time, however,  "such policies and programmes must ensure that they recognise the particular burdens faced by  "Bwomen who in most instances are still principally responsible for raising children and who are  "Runduly affected by economic transitions. In this regard programmes which encourage a more  "equitable sharing of caregiving responsibilities between men and women for example, could be advanced.  X>&2  X''< X $14.   Status of women and gender equality. ECE countries remain in the forefront of efforts to  "improve the status of women and gender equality. Their commitment to this goal over a long time  "period, vigorously promoted and endorsed at both the EPC and the ICPD, has resulted in conditions  "for women that are among the best in the world. Since both the EPC and the ICPD, many ECE")0},+'N"  "<countries have continued their efforts to improve these conditions by, among other things, assisting  "parents striving to better balance their parental and work roles. Yet even while advances have been  "made, women and girls continue to face discrimination to varying degrees in almost every sphere  "of life. In some countries with economies in transition, the gains made in reaching this objective may  "be set back as a result of economic and social adversity rather than an abandonment of the ideal.  "Governments and civil society should, as agreed at the EPC, continue to promote conditions in the  "region that further political, economic and social equality between men and women, including equal  ""opportunities for education, training and employment, and equality in family responsibilities through implementation of policies and legislation that support gender equality.  X12  X < III.2   Reproductive rights and sexual and reproductive health  X 2  X < X  |  Body Text 15.   Reproductive rights. Reproductive rights embrace certain human rights that are already  "nrecognised in national laws, international human rights instruments and other consensus documents.  "These rights imply the right to sexual and reproductive health. Implicit in these rights is the need  "`to ensure that individuals and couples have access to adequate education, information and a full  "range of services throughout the lifespan. The fact that sexual education is often neglected and the  "\inability of adolescents to access reproductive health services and information could impact  "significantly on their health, educational and employment opportunities and is likely to have a long "Vterm adverse effect on the quality of their life. Civil society and NGOs are pioneering efforts to  "promote and ensure reproductive rights specifically for underserved groups and for neglected  "reproductive health problems, such as sexual violence. Specific attention must be given to countries,  "Pareas and groups with inadequate services and special needs. In many countries with economies in  " transition, the inability to fully enjoy reproductive rights, including the right to be educated,  "informed about and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family  "planning and high quality services, is resulting in high numbers of induced abortions and other  "negative impacts. Recent improvements in these areas need to be reinforced. International co "operation has an important role to play in this respect. In the region a future challenge will be the  "lprevention and solving of reproductive health problems, while keeping in check ethically  Xg2questionable approaches and procedures.    Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  X9< X 16.   Sexual and reproductive health. Similar to health in general, reproductive health varies  "greatly across the region. In countries with market economies the status of reproductive health is  "2among the highest in the world, although still with some social inequities, while in the countries in  "transition it lags considerably behind. Especially alarming is that maternal mortality is rising in some  "places. In some countries in transition, the reliance on induced abortion as a fertility control method  ""is being replaced by the use of modern contraceptives and improved access to information, education  "and services is offered. The progress along this path is, however, far slower in the majority of the  "countries. Government and civil society in these countries are fully aware of the task ahead: to  "vigorously promote the transition from induced abortion to modern contraception and to make further  "Pefforts at raising the reproductive health status of men and women. The continued inability of some  "Pwomen to access family planning services and the health impact of unsafe abortion poses a serious  "<threat to reproductive health. There is an alarmingly rapid spread of sexually transmitted diseases,  "including AIDS, that must be brought under control. This will require, however, continuing solidarity  "and enhanced assistance of the international community. A special challenge for some parts of the  "ZECE region is the protection of reproductive health for refugees and displaced persons, and efforts must be made to better address these needs.  X*2"*0},+(N"  X< III.3  Mortality and health " X2 X "17.  Within the region, survival inequalities have become an important issue in recent decades,  "Pindeed they have increased in recent years. They are particularly large across Europe as one of the  "legacies of the past EastWest divide on the continent. In Western Europe and North America,  "Bpeople live healthier and longer lives than ever before. The increase in longevity has also been  "accompanied with older people enjoying healthier lives as a result of advances in combating certain  "degenerative diseases and disabilities. However, major socioeconomic differentials in morbidity and  "mortality continue to persist; also, gender differentials endure. Mortality is higher for men and  "women are more affected by morbidity. Most of the countries with economies in transition are  "experiencing the high social cost of the reforms of their economies, particularly in the field of health  "and mortality; only a few of them experience mortality levels close to those observed in countries  "with market economies. In the countries with economies in transition the high mortality especially  "Vaffects primeage men, serious causes being, in particular, poor working conditions and limited access to health services.  X < X 18.   Sustaining progress. Advances towards healthy and long lives in many countries with market  "economies have continued in the years since the EPC and the ICPD. This, however, should not be  "a reason for complacency. Health promotion, an objective accorded high priority by the EPC,  "remains as important as ever. The same is true of the need to protect the natural, work and living  "environment. Further advances in the fight against degenerative diseases, cancer in particular, based  "on concerted medical research and development and further gains in lifestyles conducive to good  "health remain a high priority. Postponing the onset of and bringing under increased control, the  "incidence of disability, particularly in oldage is another priority. In seeking to enhance the health  "@of their populations, Governments, in cooperation with civil society, where appropriate, should seek  "to maintain and improve the health status of the entire population and reduce inequalities in health  "status between groups by influencing factors outside the healthcare system that significantly impact  "~on health. Such an approach is especially useful in this era of rapidly rising health expenditures,  "where rendering the health sector costeffective, efficient and increasingly centered on the individual  "nis as important as ever. Even though resources for health improvements are perennially limited, the principle of access to quality healthcare should not be compromised.  X< X f19.   Reversing adverse trends. It is widely recognised that many countries with economies in  "transition, especially the Newly Independent States, are in the midst of a health and mortality crisis.  "2In the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic countries the health status and mortality  "Tlevels, particularly of men are grossly inadequate. National health systems have deteriorated in recent  "years and are in need of reform and reconstruction. Only a handful of Central European countries  "zhave escaped this fate. It is obvious that improvements in the overall health situation in these  "countries will primarily depend on the progress in the current social and economic reforms of  "transition to market economies. Meanwhile certain actions could be taken by these countries without  ",delay, based on the positive international experience with health promotion. Public awareness efforts  "and policies against alcohol abuse, smoking, inadequate diet and other unhealthy personal practices  "should be pursued as they are bound to have a major impact, even in the shortterm. Primary health "\care needs to be reinvigorated so that gains in health and survival at relatively low levels of  "expenditure that typically result from the spread of basic healthcare can be realised. Healthcare  "systems in these countries need to be rebuilt and reformed in response to the current demands on  "Lthem, but also in line with the financial realities of these countries. However, this requires both  "Zbetterfocused national policies, a wider involvement of civil society and continuing and enhanced support from the international community. "h*0},+D*N"Ԍ X< III.4  Population ageing  X2  X2 X D20.  Active and healthy older persons are increasingly conspicuous members of the industrial  "Zsociety. Their growing numbers are a testimony to the twin major achievements: namely, increased  "Flife expectancy and improved health. Having lived in a society where subsequent generations have  "had ever fewer children per woman, older persons today enjoy the status of a sizeable minority of  "the population, one that is increasingly asserting itself. The relatively high shares of the older  "population are certain to increase further in each and every country of the region. While these trends  "`are common for the entire region, the status of older persons varies greatly across countries and  "within cohorts. In western countries, many older persons are today considerably better off than those  "bof a generation ago: they are better educated and healthier, more active and mobile, more  "$economically secure. In many countries in central and eastern Europe, the situation is different.  "Although the older persons are increasingly better educated, the economic downturn during the  "(recent transition to market economy has left many of them without sufficient retirement income. As  "a result, many have joined the new poor of this part of Europe, without prospects for major  "improvements in their living standards during the remaining years of life. Their health status is  "marginally better and sometimes inferior to that of the primeage people, one of the most vulnerable  "groups in many east European countries. Due to high primeage mortality among men in the past, a large majority of older persons are widowed women.  XF< X H21.   Active ageing. Over the last few decades, the improvements in life expectancy and health,  "dwhich have been much more pronounced in countries with market economies than in countries with  "economies in transition, have occurred concurrently with the progressively earlier withdrawal from  "the labour force. This trend towards earlier retirement is contrary to the novel concept of active  "ageing, the desire and ability of many older persons to continue work or take part in other socially  " productive activities well into their later years. The valuable contribution that the elderly make to  "society, especially as volunteers and caregivers, should be given due recognition. Partly as a result  "of this, recently instituted reforms of public pension schemes in some countries are reversing the  "ndecline in the age of retirement. It is certain that the pension scheme reforms in other countries will  "~pursue, among other things, this same objective. However, many more policy options need to be  "explored in order to promote active ageing with due regard being paid to individual choices and  "circumstances of older persons. Disincentives to labour force participation among older persons,  "vparticularly the youngestold need to be removed. Also, barriers to flexible and parttime  "employment among older persons ought to be lowered without causing undue distortions in the  "jlabour market. Lifelong learning, in particular, professional training for middleaged and older  "vworkers need to be supported. Implicit in all these challenges is the need to collect better  "comparative data on ageing among all countries in the region so that policymakers can be better informed.  X 2  X!< X 22.   Social and income security. As the share of older people in the region continues to mount,  "the pressures on the social security systems, and particularly the public pension systems, of many  "ECE countries are certain to increase, necessitating early action to restore balances or to prevent  "deficits from emerging. The objective is to provide guarantees of income security and of healthcare  "and socialwelfare entitlements of older people into the next century. A number of countries have  "already instituted the necessary reforms in recent years, promoting, among other things, active ageing  "and, in particular, later retirement. Pension reforms will continue in the years ahead as Governments  "continue to pursue the triple objective of income security of older persons, greater intergenerational  "6and intragenerational equality, and financial sustainability of pension and other programmes. As there  "are various approaches to social security and, in particular, income security of older persons, the ECE countries will be making choices according to their preferences. Pension schemes should "Q* 0},+X*N"  "however, better take into account womens experiences in the labour force over the lifecycle.  "~Furthermore, the issue of pension portability is gaining attention in some countries of the region.  "Countries with economies in transition, where social security and pension schemes are in need of  X2 "<urgent repair will continue reforms, inter alia, by learning from positive and negative experiences  "`with alternative public and private programmes. While pursuing the social security and pension  "reforms, the ECE countries will seek to ensure that any resultant changes in the contract between generations contribute toward creating a future society for all ages.  Xa2  XJ< X 23.   Care. Persons aged 80 and over are the fastest rising population group in the region, growing  "in many countries at rates ranging between three and four per cent per annum. As the incidence of  "disability, frailty or debilitating diseases is the highest among the oldestold, the demand for care  ""among older persons, including the demand for longterm care is growing rapidly. Families who care  "for older persons, particularly those that are frail, should be supported, where appropriate,  "specifically through the provision of mobile services, day centres, shortterm care, access to training  "programmes for carers and other appropriate benefits and services, in particular for women who  "2mainly take the responsibility for caring. Policy should stimulate different forms of care, including  "community services. This trend is being reinforced, among other things, by the rise in prevalence  "of living alone among older people. Moreover, the challenge will increasingly be to find a  "@sustainable mix of various forms for the provision of care. Civil society as well as public and private  "institutions will be called upon to provide adequate infrastructure and services for aged persons who cannot rely on their family.  X 2   Body Text   X < III. 5  International migrationii   X2 X D24.  In Europe and North America, the entry, stay and employment of migrants is regulated by  "countries of destination. However, the European Union countries have allowed their nationals to  "move, stay and work freely anywhere within the borders of the community. Nevertheless, similar  "xrights do not apply to the majority of migrants within the ECE region. Many migrants in Europe and  "ZNorth America are subjected to stricter rules. Documented migrants who have acquired the right to  "longterm residence, enjoy the rights and benefits that in many instances are identical to, or approach  "those of the citizens of the countries where they find themselves. Persons in need of asylum or  "temporary protection also enjoy rights, some of which are guided by humanitarian considerations.  "\The actual number of undocumented migrants is not known but believed to be on the rise. By  "moving or residing illegally, sometimes with the assistance of criminal individuals and organisations  "Finvolved in trafficking, they place themselves on the other side of the law. As a result, they may be  "Ffrequently exploited, discriminated against or abused; their rights may be violated; and they can be  "drawn into unlawful activities. The efforts of the Governments in the region to combat migrant  "trafficking require an approach that ensures the protection of the human rights of individual migrants  "jwhile taking effective measures to apprehend and prosecute those individuals and organisations  "`engaged in trafficking. In particular, policies and actions are required to deal with trafficking in  Xl$2women and children for purposes of sexual exploitation, including protection of its victims.   XU%2  X>&< X 25.   Managing migration. Since the beginning of the 1990s, many countries in the region  "experienced a considerable net influx of migrants. Worldwide economic and social disparities  "@continued and political and military conflicts erupted and spread and this occasioned major migration  "*movements towards and within the region. As a result, among other things, asylum laws and  "procedures have been modified by some countries as it became obvious that asylum procedures have") 0},+'N"  "been used not only by genuine refugees but also by migrants whose motivation was mainly  "economic. After the removal of past travel and migration restrictions in the countries with economies  "in transition, the Governments of these countries struggled to control their national borders.  "ZHowever, as documented migration subsided, it is widely believed that undocumented movements,  "often supported by trafficking, swelled. Some countries are specifically affected by these movements  "because of their geographical location. Therefore, the longterm challenge of restoring control over  "and of successfully managing population movements remains intact in many countries. The extent  "nto which this objective will be met will depend not only upon measures of countries of destination,  "but also on social and economic development of countries of origin. It is, therefore, in the interest  X12 "nof all countries ! of origin and destination to promote development, inter alia, through free trade,  "(investment and aid. Current and future migration policies should aim at influencing the root causes  "of migration; international cooperation is needed to enable people to stay in their home countries and to facilitate the voluntary return of migrants. This can be achieved by, in particular:  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.   a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)" promoting respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms;  supporting the establishment and strengthening of democratic structures;  supporting the prevention and resolution of conflict; and  promoting sustainable development.    a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  XM< X 26.   Coordinating policies. Democratic societies that honour individual human rights will always  " face some immigration by noncitizens. Under the circumstances, the best the Governments can do  ">is to guide and influence migratory movements that are, by their very nature, changeable and  "unpredictable. This, however, requires replacing previous piecemeal and reactive policies by a set  "of comprehensive and proactive policies designed to deal both with swings in prevailing trends and  "with sudden lurches into new directions. The aim is to develop coordinated, integrated measures  " capable of managing migration in an orderly manner, so as to maximise opportunities and benefits  "to individual migrants and to host societies, and to minimise trafficking and undocumented  X2 "movements. Given the internationalism of migration, interstate cooperation is a sine qua non for  "progress in this area. Therefore, national policies will be increasingly coordinated regionally to ensure the greatest possible degree of agreement and harmonisation.  X<< X R27.   Refugees.  Governments are committed to respecting the right of refugees to seek and enjoy  "asylum as stipulated under international law, including the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the  "Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol. In particular, Governments are committed to upholding  X2 "the principle of nonrefoulement and to promoting durable solutions, especially voluntary  "repatriation. Governments recognise the importance of addressing genderrelated violence and all  "zforms of discrimination against refugee and displaced women and girls and are committed to  "jensuring that their human rights, physical and psychological integrity are protected. Measures to  "manage and control migration should not have a negative impact on the right of asylumseekers to have access to a fair, effective and expeditious hearing of their claim.  XY%< X 28.   Promoting integration. The economic and social integration of resident documented migrants  "Bhas continued since the EPC and the ICPD. The framework for integration has been in place for  "fmany years in countries with market economies and continues to evolve. Integration presents  "nchallenges and difficulties, however, in spite of this, the process continues, in large measure due to  "dthe commitment of the host societies and migrant communities. At the same time, the ECE countries will uphold the principles of integration agreed upon at the EPC, including the respect for different ") 0},+'N"  "national, ethnic and cultural origins of immigrants and the display of open attitude towards their  "<cultural, religious and other values, as long as these are compatible with the laws and fundamental  "values of the host societies. Although Governments are struggling with the package of issues  "associated with successful integration, they can and will, working with civil society, promote  X2 "integration, inter alia, by means of relevant education and confidencebuilding measures in all  "2communities. For documented migrants with the right to longterm residence, naturalisation should  "be promoted as a logical option. Also, they will work towards eliminating the causes behind the marginalisation of any migrant minority group from society as a whole.     X32  Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"   IV.  New cooperation opportunities     X < IV.1  International cooperation in the field of population and development  X 2 X   29.  As recognised at the EPC, international cooperation is of great importance for the successful  "implementation of population and development programmes. Since the ICPD there has been a  "number of positive advances in the field of population and development. The ICPD refocused  "Pattention on these issues, raising awareness of their magnitude, diversity and interrelationship with  "other global challenges. Population and development issues are now better recognised as one of the  Xe2 "core development concerns, since the Programme of Action stressed the necessity to include  "populationrelated goals into all development planning at the national level. The regional meeting   reaffirms its commitment to international and regional cooperation.    d!   Body Text (1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)   a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"International cooperation in this field remains essential to meet ongoing challenges, in particular   in the countries with special needs.   d!(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)Such cooperation should be coordinated, coherent and strategic, based on open policy dialogue  "between all stakeholders, including NGOs whose contributions to the implementation of ICPD  X2Programme of Action are essential.  d!(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)Information, education and communication remain important programme components, supporting  "informed decisionmaking and facilitating the uptake of services. The provision of the accessible quality services and commodities should be accompanied by advocacy and sensitisation.    a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  X2 :   30.  Support to multilateral agencies is key to a coherent global response. In this regard, the co "ordinated approach by the multilateral system is of great importance in order to enhance effectiveness and strengthen the impact of those activities, particularly carried out at country level.  X2  X<  Body Text a  iq!y)" a  iq!y)"  IV.2aaCooperation in the field of population data collection and analysis in the region  X!2    X}"2 X (1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.31.  The promotion and use of qualitative and quantitative data on population and development  Xf#2 "processes and their determinants and consequences is a sine qua non for the successful formulation  "and evaluation of population and developmentrelated policies. This requires that those involved in  "collecting such information, namely, Governments, international organisations, national statistical  ".services, academic and research organisations and population institutes, and nongovernmental   organisations, strengthen their cooperation and networking.   X(2 X  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.32.  The meeting stresses the importance of further developing synergies between statistics and  "research both through providing harmonised population statistics on a regular basis and through data  "collection tailored to specific research needs. The meeting repeatedly witnessed the need for better"* 0},+(N"  "comparable data within all relevant fields. It also acknowledges the benefits in comparing research  "2findings between countries and in coordinated surveys conducted within the region. The UN/ECE  " Population Activities Unit, the European Population Committee (CDPO) of the Council of Europe  "and others have extended knowledge considerably over the years. The meeting wishes to ensure that  "these research infrastructures continue to be used effectively to further aid such understanding of the  " various demographic phenomena identified in the conclusions of the meeting and, therefore,  "welcomes the recognition that future work and cooperation need to be more efficient and co  ordinated, and channelled through existing mechanisms.    T  Body Text " 0},+N"  X2 XX    Z$" X2 header a  iq!y)"9!)"#&J\  P6Q&P#9!)"%8' %%!#XP\  P6QXP#CES/PAU/1998/30 %8' %9!)" %%!Annex II  S(%9!)" %9!& #&J\  P6Q&P#%%!page *`header page number#C\  P6QP##&J\  P6Q&P#"d page number" %9!& %8'  %8'  a  iq!y)"w| k X2 11p!1`X`dde S(header a  iq!y)"9!)"#&J\  P6Q&P#p page number#C\  P6QP##&J\  P6Q&P#"Gq ppage number"p$####!#$  a  iq!y)"9!)"CES/PAU/1998/30  X2#XP\  P6QXP#Annex II#&J\  P6Q&P#  S(page  page number#C\  P6QP##&J\  P6Q&P#"l page number" 9!)" a  iq!y)"wղ'a  'a ANNEX II 'ai  : 4  The Drafting Group requested the Chairperson of the Meeting to transmit the following non "Znegotiated document to the Conference of European Statisticians and that the Report of the Meeting take note of this request. Research Areas   'ai  :   All actors involved in the population field, population institutes, national statistical offices,  "international organisations, academic circles and NGOs, are encouraged to promote networking with  "a view to: (i) reenforcing the linkages of statistical activities, research, analysis, policy formulation  "and operational programmes; (ii) exchanging information, knowledge and experiences among  "2themselves, and (iii) creating new partnerships around specific issues and concerns in response to the major population challenges of the region.  :   Aware of the multitude of important policyrelevant research areas and in line with the  X2 "6 Conclusions (CES/PAU/1998/30/Annex I), the Meeting has identified the following research areas for future regional cooperation in population analysis:  X2 1.  Fertility and family planning  Xy2  XW2 : a.  Fertility trends, patterns and differentials, with particular emphasis on subreplacement  "fertility, including their causes, such as cultural, social and economic conditions, gender relations and family policies;  X2 : pb.  Trends and patterns in family and household formation and dissolution, with particular focus  "(on new family and household forms, including their causes, such as postmodern values and norms; and  X2 : c.  Family planning behaviour and access to family planning information, education and services,  "including their underpinnings, for example, government policy and civil society efforts at furthering family planning.  X2 2.  Mortality and health, including reproductive health  X2  X2 : a.  Trends, levels and differentials in disability, morbidity and mortality, especially in countries  "Zwith economies in transition, including their determinants, such as lifestyles and public healthcare provisions;  XY!2 : Rb.  Disability, morbidity and mortality in old age, including their causes, for example, lifestyles and medical and pharmaceutical developments; and  X#2 : c.  Trends in reproductive health, particularly in countries with economies in transition, including access to reproductive health services and population and sexual education.  X%2 3  Population ageing  X&2  Xk'2 : a.  Trends in the age structure of the population, particularly in population ageing, and their  "economic and labour market implications, including consequences for the fiscal system, public expenditure patterns and the transition from work to retirement; "*0++z^)N"  X2 : b.  The status of older persons, particularly older women, including demographic, social and  "economic developments influencing it; for example, longterm developments in fertility and  "mortality, participation of women in the labour force and social security and health programmes; and  Xx2 : c.  Trends in the care of older persons, such as formal and informal longterm care, including  "factors influencing them; for example, living arrangements among the aged, availability of offspring and kin, and work patterns of women, who are the main care providers.  X2 4.  International migration  X2  X2 : Ja.  Trends and patterns in different types of migration, such as asylum seekers and family  "reunification movements, including factors influencing them; for example, migration networks, demand for foreign labour, and entry and stay policies; and  XF 2 : |b.  Developments in migrant communities and their integration into host societies, such as  "Fcultural, social and economic integration, including factors facilitating or impeding integration; for example, labour market conditions and integration policies and programmes. 'a .....