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('XXXXXX   GXXXXG2XGXCES/AC.68/48  Annexpage  13   ('XXXXXX   DXXXXD2XDX<09Z .Courier New Regular  ,(XXXXXX   FXXXXF2XFX   9     A      I CES/AC.68/48     9     A      I Page  16     Q  ! <09Z .Courier New Regular<09Z .Courier New Regular<09Z .Courier New Regular G ,(JXoXKXoXXXo   LX(XXXoLX^X(   9     A      I   CES/AC.68/48     9     A      I   Annex   9     A      I   Page  3  \  `(Times NewRomanTT\ `<09Z .Courier New Regular ('NXXOXXXX   PXXXXP2XDX\  `(Times NewRomanTT\ `<09Z .Courier New Regular ('RXXSXXXX   TXXXXT2XDX\  `(Times NewRomanTT\ `<09Z .Courier New Regular  ,(XqXXXXXq   ^XXXX^X^X   9     A      I   CES/AC.68/48     9     A      I   page  2  Table_ATable_BTable_CTable_D<09Z .Courier New RegularTable_ATable_BTable_C+ %@CCCCCCCCY@CQ@C=@C<@C0Cy@CCY@CH@CI@CE@CC=@CCY@CU@C0@C1@C2C`g@CCY@CCCCCCCY@CI@CH@CF@C,Cg@CTable_A+ %@CCCCCCCCP@C@v@Cb@C@a@CSC@CC@C0q@Cq@C`n@CBC$@CC@CH@CZ@C\@C]C@CCCCCCCCCt@C e@C d@C`b@CHC@CTable_BTable_DTable_ETable_FTable_GTable_HTable_I= %@CCCCCCCCC CCH@C(@C?C?CQ@C@U@C`a@C4@C 9@CC$@C*@C@CCG@CQ@C`@C @C 2@CCV@C(@C?C@CS@C c@Cj@CC@C E@CCCCCCCCCC CC*@C(@CC?CN@C3@CO@C@C .@CTable_C  C OAC C R>AC C )AC C 1AC C AC C ,AC C 3H2AC C ACTable_D VXXCZ\ - ('XXXXXX      `     h      p   zXXXXz2XzXCES/AC.68/48     `     h      p   Annex   `     h      p   Page  13  <09Z .Courier New Regular_aceikmoq  ('XXXXXX      `     h      p   :XXXX:2X:XCES/AC.68/48#.|:2##XX.|#     `     h      p   .|XX2.|Annex     `     h      p   page  13  #.|2##XX.|# U <09Z .Courier New Regular #5!XqXXXXXq   TRWP6&3'6&A43'T9% 4 <DLX9[XX[  UKUS., 36    433   9     A      I   CES/AC.68/48   9     A      I   4April1997   9       9     A      I   Original:EnglishSTATISTICALCOMMISSIONand A      I COMMISSIONOFTHEEUROPEAN *e ECONOMICCOMMISSIONFOREUROPE     I COMMUNITIES(EUROSTAT)  F CONFERENCEOFEUROPEANSTATISTICIANS   I ORGANISATIONFORECONOMIC      9     A      I COOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTJointUNECE/Eurostat/OECD p  MeetingonNationalAccounts Q  (Paris,36June1997)Item2oftheprovisionalagenda /    HIDDENECONOMYINF.Y.R.OFMACEDONIAANDITSTREATMENTIǸTHESTATISTICALOFFICE DocumentsubmittedbytheStatisticalOfficeofF.Y.R.ofMacedonia8 -  1       B} n #4#  4HIDDENECONOMYINF.Y.R.OFMACEDONIAANDITSTREATMENTINTHESTATISTICAL  OFFICE#4# ~ <( 4 <DL4X<1.  Introduction @   Upto1990,therewasasocialisteconomicsystem,althoughithad  e certainspecificcharacteristicsdifferentfromtheothercentrallyplanedeconomies.Inthatperiod,therewereabout2000registeredenterprisesandsomeregisteredindividualproducers.Thestatisticalinformationsystemwasorientedtocollectdatafromtheenterprises,whichweretotallycovered.Thehouseholdbudgetsurveywastheonlysourceofdataonhouseholds.  TheSocialProductwascalculatedusingmethodologybasedondatafromspecialsurveyconductedbytheStatisticalOffice.Thesurveycoveredallregisteredenterprises.Thepartofthesocialproductwhichwasgeneratedintheindividualsectorinagriculture(individualfarms)wasestimatedonthebasisofareaundercultivation,averageyieldandaverageprices.TheoutputofregisteredindividualshopswasestimatedonthebasisofdataprovidedbytheRegionalTaxOfficesandsurveysconductedbytheStatisticalOffice.Inthiswayweprovidedestimatesonoutputofindividualproducersforwhom,intheperiodupto1990,itwassupposedthegreatestpartofinformaleconomywasconcentrated.Theonlyproductionactivitieswhichwerenotcoveredinthesocialproductweresomeservicesprovidedbyworkersasadditionalactivityaftertheirworkinghours(theywereconsiderednegligible)andtheillegalactivities.  Attheendof1989,theEnterprisesLawwasadoptedwhichallowedthesetupofnewprivateenterprises.ThenewPrivatisationlawallowedthestartoftheprivatisationprocessofsocialenterprisesthroughworkersshareholders.  Thenewconditionsintheeconomysuchastheexpansionofprivateinitiativeinthetermsofuncompleteinstitutionalandlegalregulation,decreaseoflivingstandardsandincreaseofunemploymentcreatedagoodclimatefortheexpansionofthatpartoftheeconomywhichwasnotcoveredbytheexistingstatisticalsystem.Itwasobviousthatthestatisticalmethodologyforcalculationofmacroeconomicaggregatesshouldbeimproved,inordertofollowthedemandsoftheemergingmarketeconomy.Inthesametime,asaresultofincreasingprivatesectorinthesocallednonproductiveactivities(education,health,finance),thematerialconceptofproductionbecameinadequate.  Havinginmindthesereasons,theStatisticalOfficedecidedtostarttheimplementationofthe1993SystemofNationalAccounts,insteadofspendingresourcesandtimeonadhocsolutionsforchangingandsupplementU6I66ingthecurrentmethodologyforcalculationofthesocialproduct.Asaresultoftheseactivities,startedin1993,theStatisticalOfficehaspublishedthemethodologyandthefirstestimatesofGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andNationalAccountsfortheperiod19901993.InthefinalstageoftheworktheStatisticalOfficereceivedtechnicalassistancefromtwoIMFmissions. /|)2   AlthoughthefirstcalculationsweremadebydataconversionfromtheSocialproducttotheGrossdomesticproduct,ourintentionwastomakedirectcalculationofGDPfor1994basedonoriginaldatasources,withcertainmethodologicaladjustments,followingthechangesintheeconomy.AtthesametimewestartedbilateralcooperationwithISTATinthefieldoftheunobservedeconomy.̀9% 4 <DLX9 2.  Theconceptualframeworkforidentifyingthehiddeneconomy  /    <( 4 <DL4X<    TheSNA93recommendsmeasuringalleconomicactivitieswhichfallintotheproductionboundaryofthesystem,whethertheyareregisteredornotregistered,legalorillegal.  HavinginmindtheSNArecommendationsourdeterminationistodevelopthebusinessstatistics,inordertoenableGDPestimationthroughcommodityflowanalysis.Inthiswaywesupposethatthebiggestpartofhiddeneconomywillbeimplicitlyincludedintheestimationoftotaldomesticproduction.Becauseitisalongprocess,wehavedecidedtomakesomestepstowardimprovingtheexistingmethodologyimmediately,usingtheavailabledatasources.  Wefirstdefinedtheareaswherethepresentmethodologydidnotprovidetotalcoverageofproductionactivities,i.e.theactivitieswhichwereoutofstatisticalobservation.TodescribethiswewillusetheLuttikhuizenscheme1. "   592  /*- Table1  *q_` ddd Xdd Xdd X##q,ZZ@,ZZ@,jZ@+  3"  C3X ;*C C;  *i q!y* transactions 󀀀    3 i q!yX3 ;*C C; i XӀ notransactions 5+)C"   5*qab ddZZ@ZZ@jZ@_`##q,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,EZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,jZ@+  ,"  C,X 'C3 C' 'C3 C' . C3 C. ;*  C3 C;'i q!'(monetary/barter) 4*  C" C4X ' C C' ,C C, i ӄproductioninhouseholds5+) C   5*cd ddZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@EZZ@ZZ@ZZ@jZ@ab##,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,jZ@+  ," b } C,XӀ 'b }C3 C'Ѐ 'b }C3 C'|| 'Q lC C' 'b }C C' 'b }C C' 'b }C C'|| 'Q lC" C'  'b }C C'X 'b }C C'|| 'Q lC3 C' ,b } C C, i ӄassistancebetween5+)Q l"C  5* eh d dZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@jZ@cd## ,yy@,ii@, yy@,ii@,yy@,ii@+  5"  4" C5Xregularproduction 4* 3$C" C4 0) D%C C0 i hidden+informal 4* 3'C" C4X 0) D(C C0illegalproduction 4* 3*C" C4 i households̄voluntary( 3,C  (*ij ddyy@ii@ yy@ii@yy@ii@eh##,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,jZ@+  ,"  , C, X ' -C C'X ' .C C' ' /C C'|| '1C C'  ' 2C C'X|| '4C3 C' ' 5C C' ' 6C C' . 7C C. i organisations5+)9C   5*kl d dZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@jZ@ij##,ZZ@,|jj@,ZZ@, jj@,ZZ@,jZ@+  ,"  9 C, X 0 :C C0 i Xenterprises 4* <C" C4 X 0 =C C0 i Xhouseholds 4* ?C" C4 X , @C C,! i X!nonproductive5+) BC   5*mn ddZZ@|jj@ZZ@ jj@ZZ@jZ@kl##,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,jZ@+  ,"  B C, X ' CC C'X|| '} EC C' ' FC C'|| '} HC" C'  ' IC C'X|| '} KC" C' ' LC C'|| '} NC" C' , OC C, i ӄillegalincomegeneration5+)} QC  5*op d dZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@jZ@mn##,yy@,ii@,yy@,ii@,ii@,jyy@,ii@,yy@,ii@+  5" E` Q C5  Xregistered    4*D_SC C4X 0Up TC C0notregistered 4*D_VC" C4 'Up WC C' 0Up XC C0ownaccountworkers 4*D_ZC" C4 0Up [C C0notregistered 4*D_]C" C4 i ӄforcedtransferofincome:(D__C  (*qr d dyy@ii@yy@ii@ii@jyy@ii@yy@ii@op##,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,ZZ@,jZ@+  ," 7_ C,underreporting,errors ' &aC C'X '7bC C' i Ӏunderreporting,̀notregistered ' &dC" C'X '7eC C' ,7fC C, i racketeeringetc.5+)7gC  5?+ i q!y)!X?#259m#.|2 #2.|@#USUK.,?+ i q!y)!X?UK.,US.,@ 2.1.  Registeredenterprises  i   In1994,estimationofvalueaddedofregisteredenterprisesisbasedontheirannualfinancialreportsandbalancesheets.InourcountrytheBureauofPayments(aspecificinstitution)registersalltransactionsmadethroughenterprisesgiroaccounts.Moreover,eachactiveenterpriseisobligedtosubmitsemiannualandannualfinancialreportsandbalancesheetstotheBureauofPayments.AccordingtotheanalysisdonebytheBureau,98%oftheenterprisesthatrealiseturnoverontheirgiroaccountsfulfiltheobligationtosubmitannualfinancialreports.Theseenterprisesaccountforalmost100%oftotalturnover.̀  TheStatisticalOfficereceivesanannualfinancialreportfromBureauofPaymentsandweconsiderthecoverageofregisteredactiveenterprisestobecomplete.  Asaconsequence,wehavetodealonlywithintheproblemsofmisreportingandunderreporting.Accordingtoourfindings,confirmedbyaccountingexperts,misreportingandunderreportingappearinthefollowingtwoforms:̀C  $#$Cӄ0  bigenterpriseswithsocialandmixedownershippaycertainpartofthe L,g&~ wagesandsalariesinkindandregisteritasmaterialcosts.Theresultsofthispracticeare:underestimatedcompensationofemployees,overestimatedintermediateconsumptionandevadedtaxesonincomeand /4) employerssocialcontributions; ## C  $$CUSUK.,Ԅ0  UKUS.,newlycreated,smallprivateenterprisesdonotregisterall  transactions(salesincash,wagesandsalariesincash);alsotheyshowintheirbusinessaccountssomeexpensesrelatedtohouseholdconsumption(useofacar,purchasesofhousefurniture,maintenanceofdwellings,communalservices,mealsinrestaurants,traveletc.)asintermediatecosts.Resultsofthispracticeare:underestimatedsales,compensationofemployeesandnetoperatingsurplusandoverestimatedintermediateconsumption. ## C  $$CӀ  sV  2.2.  Unregisteredenterprises  bE    Accordingtoourknowledgeunregisteredcorporativeenterprisesarenottypical.Iftherearesome,theirimpactoneconomyisconsideredtobenegligible.̀    2.3.  Unincorporatedenterprises     Inourstatisticswemakeindirectestimatesoftheoutputofagriculturalplotsbasedoninformationabouttheareaundercultivation,averageyieldsandaverageprices.Inthiswaywehaveobjectiveestimatesandtotalcoverageofagriculturalproduction,whetherintendedforsaleonthemarketorusedforownconsumption.  Theoutputestimatesofregisterednonagriculturalunincorporatedenterprisesarebasedontaxofficedatasupplementedwithdatafromtheregularstatisticalsurveys.Unincorporatedenterprises(excludingagricultural)havetoregisterwiththeTaxofficetogetalicence.TheStatisticalOfficetakesinformationonnumberofselfemployedpersonsandemployees,grosswagesandsalaries,socialcontributions,profitandprofittaxesfromTaxauthorities.Basedonthesedatawemakeestimatesofvalueaddedandgrossoutput.  Herewerecognisetwoproblems:underreportingofregisteredunincorporatedenterprisesandunregisteredemployeesengagedinunincorporatedactivities.  Themethodologyforestimatingtheoutputofunincorporatednonagriculturalenterprisesprovidessolutionsforimplicitestimationofunderreporting.Infact,NationalAccountsstaffcomparewagesandsalariespaidinunincorporatedenterpriseswithwagesandsalariesincorporativeenterprisesfromthesameeconomicbranchesandmakethenecessaryadjustments.Inconstruction,grossoutputestimatedinthewaymentionedaboveiscomparedwiththevalueofhouseholdsownaccountconstructionestimatedonthebasisofthesurveyconductedinconstructionstatistics.  /*- Onepartofthedifferencebetweenthetwosourcesrepresentsgrossoutputofnonregisteredunincorporatedconstructionenterprises,whiletherestisconsideredasownaccountandvoluntarylabour,whichwetreatlikemixedincome.  Thereisnosolutioninourmethodologyforestimatingtheactivityoftheunregisteredemployeesinunincorporatedenterprises,andtheyremainoutofscopeofGDPestimates.&  2.4.  Illegalproduction 'LT Lg    InourcurrentmethodologyillegalproductionisnotincludedintheGDPestimates.Wedonotintendtomakeestimatesofillegalproductioninnearfuture.  However,ifthesmugglingofcigarettesisconsideredasanillegalactivitythataffectstheoutputmeasure,thesituationiscompletelydifferent.Thedistributionoftobaccountil1991wasthroughlegaloutlets,andwasincludedintheGDPestimate.Thereareindicationsthatmeasurestakenbythegovernmentwillresultinnarrowingthepossibilitiesforsmugglinginnearfuture,butitisnecessarytoputeffortsinestimatingthemarginrealisedbyillegaldistributors.̀9% 4 <DLX9 3.  Methodologicalsolutionsforestimationofhiddeneconomy  ^y   <( 4 <DL4X<ӀBasedonabovementionedconsiderationstheStatisticalOfficesetagoaltodevelopmethodologicalsolutionsforthefollowingissues:C  $$Cӄ0  adjustmentforunderreportingofregisteredenterprises; $## C  $$Cӄ  coverageandestimationofproductiongeneratedbyunregisteredemployees     inunincorporatedsector(exceptinagricultureandconstruction);̄  estimationofillegalsaleofnontaxedcigarettes. " C  $$CӀ  3.1.  Adjustmentforunderreportingofregisteredenterprises  $!   Someadjustmentsweremadeaftercarefulandverydetaileddataanalysisofannualfinancialreports.Dataweredisaggregatedatthemostdetailedlevelaccordingtothenationalclassificationofactivities(331brancheswereanalysed,brokendownbyfourkindsofownership:social,private,cooperativeandmixed)2.Formostoftheactivitiesonlyafew N*i$' enterprisesatthislevelofdisaggregationwereidentified,exceptforeachofthe38tradebrancheswherealargenumberofenterprisesappeared.Theanalysiswasfocusedonrevenues,wagesandsalariesandcostsandwasdoneinseveralsteps. .),   First,wecomparedtheshareofintermediateconsumption,valueadded,compensationofemployeesandnetoperatingsurplusingrossoutputforallkindsofownership.Inmostbranchestheshareofintermediateconsumptionwassignificantlyhigherfortheprivateenterprisesthanforthesocialandmixed.Insomecasesprivateenterpriseshadnegativevalueaddedandalmostinallcasestheyhadnegativenetoperatingsurplus.Suchcasesweremarkedforfurtheranalysisifthenumberofemployeeswashigherthan20employeesfortheprivateenterprises.  x Table2  g  Ѐ i  Structureofgrossoutputpercent sV  *ddZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@ZZ@jZ@qr##,jj@,#Zj@,Zj@,SZj@,Zj@,>Zj@,?Zj@+  YF Q4   %@070226C %@Y 4X070226  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ̎  bOD.C  %@070226  %@ CbGrossoutput =*P3 C C=Intermediateconsumption =*.C C=XValueadded =*P3 C C= 4Compensationofemployees  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ̀  >+ .C C>XNetoperratingsurplus  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ̎񎎎                  >+ . C C>Numberofemployees  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ̎  VC+.$C    CV 4total 4*`C%C C44X100 '`C&C" C'71 '`C'C" C'429 '`C(C" C'428 '`C)C" C'4ӄ16 0`C*C" C0400 P=%`C+C"  CP 4social 4*( ,C C44X100 '( -C" C'49 '( .C" C'451 '( /C" C'443 '( 0C" C'4ӄ7 0( 1C" C029 P=%( 2C"  CP 4private 4*3C C44X100 '4C" C'84 '5C" C'416 '6C" C'417 '7C" C'4ӄ18 08C" C0187 P=%9C"  CP 4cooperative 4*:C C44X100 ';C" C'0 '<C" C'40 '=C" C'40 '>C" C'40 0?C" C00 P=%@C"  CP 4mixed ;*cAC C;4X100 ;*cBC" C;51 ;*cCC" C;449 ;*cDC" C;445 ;*cEC" C;4ӄ14 =*cFC" C=1845+)cGC"    56( 4 <DL6Ӏ̀  Asasecondstepweanalysedgrossoutput,intermediateconsumption,valueadded,compensationofemployees,netoperatingsurplusandmonthlynetwages,allexpressedperemployee.Thegeneralremarkwasthatgrossoutputperemployeewasmostoftenhighestinprivateenterprises,intermediateconsumptionperemployeewasaroundtwotimeshigherinprivateenterprisesevenincaseswhengrossoutputperemployeewassimilarforallkindsofownership.Table3 !Q Ѐ ! inthousandsofdenars "R * ddjj@#Zj@Zj@SZj@Zj@>Zj@?Zj@##,jj@,2Zj@,Zj@,>Zj@,nZj@,Zj@,Zj@+  5" {$^T C5 4X070226 =*z%] VC C=Grossoutputperemployee =*X';"ZC C=Intermediateconsumptionperemployee =*6)$`C C=Valueaddedperemployee =*X';"dC C=Compensationofemployeesperemployee =*G(*#iC C=Netoperatingsurplusperemployee =*6)$oC C=Monthlynetwagesperemployee P=%G(*#tC   CPtotal 4**$uC C44X501 '*$vC" C'356 '*$wC" C'144 '*$xC" C'138 '*$yC" C'Є79 0*$zC" C05 P=%*${C"  CP 44social 4**%|C C44X561 '*%}C" C'275 '*%~C" C'286 '*%C" C'243 '*%C" C'Є37 0*%C" C010 P=%*%C"  CP 44private 4*+&C C44X659 '+&C" C'553 '+&C" C'106 '+&C" C'112 '+&C" C'Є116 0+&C" C04 P=%+&C"  CP 44cooperative 4*U-8(C C44X0 'f,I'C" C'0 'f,I'C" C'0 'f,I'C" C'0 'f,I'C" C'0 0f,I'C" C00 P=%f,I'C"  CP 44mixed ;*.)C C;4X330 ;*.)C" C;169 ;*.)C" C;161 ;*.)C" C;147 ;*.)C" C;Є48 =*.)C" C=65+).)C"    59( 4 <DL493.  Thirdly,ourattentionfocusedonadetailedbreakdownofcostsper .) employeeforallkindsofownership.Generally,allkindsofcostsarethehighestinprivateenterprises.Materialsarearoundtwotimeshigher,whilesomebusinessexpenseslikebusinesslunchesinrestaurantsanddailyallowancesforbusinesstripscanbeevenfivetimeshigherthaninsocialandmixedenterprises.Itisespeciallyindicativethatdailyallowancesforbusinesstripsperemployeeareveryoftenhigherthancompensationofemployeesperemployeeinprivateenterprises.Table4 ] x Ѐ i  Costsperemployeeinthousandsofdenars Lg  * ddjj@2Zj@Zj@>Zj@nZj@Zj@Zj@##,jj@,ZZj@,Zj@,UZj@,Zj@,Zj@,Zj@,Zj@,Zj@,Zj@+  5" *E  C5 4X070226 =*3 C C= t 2Xmate :U  rials =* C C=energy =*:U C C=spareparts =* C C=officeequipment =* C C=transport =* C C=otherservices =* C C=nonmaterialcosts =*q C C=dailyallowancesforbusinesstrips =*&C C=restaurants#2  t# P=% (C   CP 4total 4*Vq)C C4X48 'Vq*C" C'12 'Vq+C" C'1 'Vq,C" C'1 'Vq-C" C'68 'Vq.C" C'85 'Vq/C" C'139 'Vq0C" C'20 0Vq1C" C025 P=%Vq2C"  CP 4social 4*93C C4X10 '94C" C'13 '95C" C'2 '96C" C'0 '97C" C'46 '98C" C'71 '99C" C'133 '9:C" C'8 09;C" C018 P=%9<C"  CP 4private 4*=C C4X88 '>C" C'12 '?C" C'1 '@C" C'2 'AC" C'78 'BC" C'153 'CC" C'215 'DC" C'38 0EC" C042 P=%FC"  CP 4cooperative 4*HC C4X0 'IC" C'0 'JC" C'0 'KC" C'0 'LC" C'0 'MC" C'0 'NC" C'0 'OC" C'0 0PC" C00 P=%QC"  CP 4mixed ;*eRC C;X13 ;*eSC" C;12 ;*eTC" C;0 ;*eUC" C;1 ;*eVC" C;61 ;*eWC" C;19 ;*eXC" C;63 ;*eYC" C;3 =*eZC" C=155+)e[C"    56( 4 <DL6Ӏ  Finallywelookedatacomparisonofrevenuesfromsalesintradeandpurchasedvalueofgoodssold.Inanumberofcases,purchasedvalueofgoodssoldwashigherthanrevenuesfromsalesinprivateenterprises.Thiswasanindicationforpossiblesalesincashnotregisteredinbookkeeping;laterconfirmedbyaccountingexpertsandauditors.  Basedonthisanalysiswemadeadjustmentsfor122branchesoutof331.Thesewere:37branchesintrade,36inindustry,15inbusinessservices,13incraftsandpersonalservices,9incateringandtourism,5inbothconstructionandtransportand2inotheractivities.About90%ofalladjustmentsweremadeinprivateenterprises.Whileweweredoingadjustments,wetriedtogetanswerstothefollowingquestions:C  $$Cӄ  Isitpossibleforsmallprivateenterprisestorunlossesanddespite >(Y"j ittocontinuetheirwork?Ifitwastrue,whocoveredtheirlosses?Ourresponsewasthatitispossibleforsomeprivateenterprisestoshowlossesandtobankrupt,butitisnotrealisticforwholebranchestoshowlosses.Intermsofhighinterestratesandrestrictivemonetaryandcreditpolicycharacteristicforthetransitionperiod,itisimpossibleforsmallprivateenterprisestotakebankloansforcoveringthelosses.Because spiritusmovensofprivateenterprisesistorealiseprofit,ourguidefordoing .(q adjustmentsisthatsmallprivateenterpriseshavetorealiseatleastminimumnetoperatingsurplus.C  $$Cӄ  Isitlogicalforcostsperemployeeinsmallprivateenterprisestobe  2,3ormoretimeshigherthaninsocialandmixedenterprises?Partly,itcanbeexplainedbyoveremploymentinsocialandmixedenterprises,especiallysincegrossoutputperemployeeisalsohigherinprivateenterprises.However,itcannotbeexplainedwhytheshareofintermediateconsumptioningrossoutputismuchhigherinprivateenterprises.Also,eveninsomecaseswhengrossoutputperemployeeissimilarinallkindsofownership,intermediateconsumptioninprivateenterprisesisfarhigher.Thus,ourconclusionwasthatprivateenterprisesshowoverestimatedintermediateconsumptionandunderestimatedvalueaddedandnetoperatingsurplus.USUK.,Ԅ  UKUS.,Howcanextremelyhighexpensesforbusinesslunchesinrestaurantsand /  dailyallowancesforbusinesstripsbeexplained?Veryoftentheirvalueishigherthancompensationofemployees.Consultationswithaccountingexpertsandauditorsconfirmedourdoubtsthattheseitemswerereal.Butitisveryhardtoprovethatenterprisessubmitinvoicesforfoodinrestaurantsforhigheramountsthantheactualcosts,andwarrantsforfictitiousbusinesstrips,inordertowithdrawmoneyfromtheirgiroaccounts.(Themoneyisthenusedforpayingtheunregisteredworkers,oronepartofwagesofregisteredemployees,inordertoavoidemployerssocialcontributions.)̄Isitlogicalthatrevenuesfromsalesinprivatetradeenterprisesarelowerthanpurchasedvalueofgoodssold?Again,afterconsultationswithaccountingexpertsandauditorswefoundsalesincash(notregisteredongiroaccounts)tobethereason.C  $$CӀTheadjustmentsareentirelybasedontheaboveconsiderations.Incaseswhencertaintypeofcostsinprivateenterpriseswereenormouslyhighcomparingwithotherkindsofownership,wedecreasedthemandweincreasedvalueaddedbythesameamount.Onepartofvalueaddedweallocatedtowagesandsalaries,whilethebiggerpartwasleftinnetoperatingsurplus.Afterdecreasing,costsstillremainedhigherthaninsocialandmixedenterprises,butnetoperatingsurpluswasmadepositive.Whenrevenuesfromsalesinprivatetradeenterpriseswerelowerthanpurchasedvalueofgoodssold,weincreasedsalestothelevelthatprovidedforsomeminimumpositivemargin.̀Besidethese,wemadeadjustmentsinselectedsocialandmixedenterprisestoo.Usingourfindingsforsuccessfulenterprises,weincreasedalittlebitthewagesandsalariesasprovisionforpaymentsinkind.̀Alladjustmentsforunderreportingweredoneverycarefullysotheresultsshouldbeconsideredasthelowestlevelofunderreportinginregisteredenterprises.Theyresultedin6.3%increaseofGDP.  /*- Ѐ 3.2.  Coverageandestimationofproductiongeneratedbyunregistered    employeesinunincorporatedsector   ̀DataaboutthenumberofemployeesengagedintheunincorporatedsectorareobtainedfromtheTaxOfficeandPensioninsurancefund.However,thesedataarebiasedforunregisteredemployeesinunincorporatedenterprisesandunregisteredselfemployedpersons.  InApril1996,theStatisticalOfficeforthefirsttimeconductedaLabourforcesurveythatproducedveryinterestingdatafortheunregisteredworkforce,particularlyusefulintheanalysesofinformaleconomy.Atthebeginningthissurveywillbeannual,itwillpossibybequarterlyinthefuture.TheintentionofNationalAccountsstaffistododetailedanalysesoflabourforcedatafromatleasttwosources,andtosupplementmethodologyforestimationofproductionandvalueaddedinunincorporatedsector.Infact,bycomparingdataforemployeesinunincorporatedenterprisestakenfromTaxOfficeandPensioninsurancefundwithdatafromLabourforcesurvey,itispossibletoestimatethenumberofworkerswhichdomainorsecondactivityininformalsector.  Inmeantime,weusedatafornumberofemployeestakenfrom Thecensusofpopulation,households,dwellingsandagricultureholdingsin1994.Wehavealreadymadeafirstcomparisonofnumberofemployeesfromcensusandfromotherdatasources.Firstfindingsshowcertaindiscrepanciesinthenumberofemployeesbetweentwosources.Thebiggestdifferenceappearsinagriculture,butduetothecharacteristicsofthemethodsofvalueaddedestimationinunincorporatedsector,itdoesnothaveanyimpactonthelevelofGDP.Butthenumberofemployeesintrade,cateringandcraftsobtainedfromcensusis1020%higherthanthenumberusedinGDPestimates.Moredetailedanalysesarenecessarybeforedecidingwhetheradjustmentsarepossibleandplausible.̀ 3.3  Estimationofillegaltradingofnontaxedcigarettes(smugglingof $!   tobacco)  %"   Wehaveestimatedthetrademarginrealisedbyunauthorisedtradersofcigarettes(withoutpaidexciseduty).AsastartingpointinourestimationweuseddataavailablefromMinistryofFinance,aboutthenumberoflabelsdistributedtotheproducersofcigarettesinaccordancewiththeirordersfor1997.Takingintoaccountstatisticaldataforsalesofcigarettesinthecountrybeforethesmugglingstarted,anddatafromhouseholdbudgetsurveyin1994,weestimatedthequantitiesofcigarettessoldonthedomesticmarket.Thenweusedstructureofconsumptionofcigarettesbybrandandthestructureoftheprice(producersprice,trademarginandexcisesfor .), eachbrand),toestimatewhatwouldbethelegalturnoverandthecorrespondingvalueofexciseduty.Comparingtheamountofexcisesdutypaid,andexcisesdutythatshouldbepaidinlegalsales,weestimatedthevalueofcigarettesdistributedbyillegaltraders(smugglers).Finally,usingtheinformationforpricesintheillegalmarketweestimatedrealisedmarginandvalueaddedthatweincludedinvalueaddedoftrade.ThisadjustmentresultedinincreaseofGDPby0.2%.̀Table5  x    q inthousandsofdenars  g  * !d djj@ZZj@Zj@UZj@Zj@Zj@Zj@Zj@Zj@Zj@##,EjZ@,B jj@+  1" bE  C1*4 <X*valueofcigarettesavailableforsellingondomesticmarket =*aD C C=4X4149293 L=%rU C"   CL'4 <4'excisedutythatshouldbecollected =*9 C C=4X2015058 L=%9 C"   CL'4 <4'collectedexciseduty =* C C=4X851340 L=% C"   CL'4 <4'noncollectedexciseduty =* C C=4X1163718 L=% C"   CL'4 <4'nonrealisedtrademargin =*C C=4X287551 L=%C"   CL'4 <4'producerspriceofthecigarettessoldonillegalmarket =*kC C=4X944993 N=%|C"   CN'4 <4'assessedsalesvalueontheillegalmarket =*`CC C=4X1198131 N=%`CC"   CN'4 <4' assessedrealisedmarginofillegaltraders 8 withcigarettes =*' C C=4X253138 5+)8C"    59( 4 <DL49Ӏ̀9% 4 <DLX9 4.  Finalremarks    <( 4 <DL4X<  HavinginmindthenatureofhiddeneconomyandthepositionoftheStatisticalOfficeasanindependentinstitutionproducingobjectiveandreliabledata,basedonstatisticalsurveys,methodologiesandmodels,weexcludedthepossibilityforadhocsolutionofthisseriousissueandtheuseofsubjectiveestimatesbasedonassumptions.  Insteadofthat,theStatisticalOfficepreferedamethodologicalandallinclusivesolutionfortheestimationofhiddeneconomy,throughitsimplicitintroductionintheregularestimationofGDP.Thus,theStatisticalOfficebegantodevelopacommodityflowapproachandsupplyandusetables.Ourfirstfindingsshowthat,besidethebiasesofexistingbusinessstatisticssurveyswhicharenotcreatedfortheneedsofNationalAccounts,thecommodityflowapproachcanprovidesupplementaryinformationandsignificantimprovementindataforsomebranches.  IntheStatisticalOfficethereisongoingtransformationofexistingstatisticalsurveys.Changesandimprovementsinthequarterlyhouseholdbudgetsurveyarealreadydone.Besidesthemainquestionnaire,additionalspecificsubquestionnairesfortourism,healthservices,transfersfromabroad,areintroducedinthissurveyandwillbeconductedoccasionally.For x.[)5 nextyear,theStatisticalOfficewillintroducechangesincurrentbusinessstatisticssurveysforpurposesofNationalAccounts.WeareawareoftheimportanceofreliablebusinessstatisticsforqualityNationalAccountsfigures.DuetothelackofpracticalexperienceinNationalAccountingwetakeaverycarefulapproachtothisserioustask.ItwouldbeespeciallyusefuliftechnicalassistancedirectedtoourStatisticalOfficeinthenearfuturefocusesonthetransformationofbusinessstatisticsforthepurposesofNationalAccounts.̀  Togetherwiththesuccessiveenrichmentofdatabase,withnewsurveys,andcontinousimprovingoftheexistingsurveys,NationalAccountsstaffwillworkcontinouslyimprovethemethodologyforestimationofGDPandNationalAccounts.  #  Ѐ    592USUK.,Table1   B3X BXElementsofgrossoutputinregisteredcorporativeenterprisesbeforeadjustment   ̀    q    !  y thousands,denars   yH*`VW ddEjZ@B jj@ !##`,YY@,IY@,KIY@,IY@,IY@,IY@,IY@+  1   C1$4 X$activity =* C C= 4Xgrossoutput =*  C C=intermediateconsumption =*f C C=valueadded =* C C=compensationofemployees =*rU C C=grossoperatingsurplus =*f C C=netoperatingsurplus UB*f C 0    CU$4 X$industryandmining 4* C C44X885560  ԍ  ԍ91  ( C3 C(6429966  ԍ  ԍ6  ( C3 C(242564  ԍ  ԍ25  ( !C3 C(269359  ԍ  ԍ11  ( "C3 C(Є    ԍ2679486  1 #C3 C1Є    ԍ11297934  VC+ $C3    CV!4 4!Ӏsocial 4*l %C C44X284906  ԍ  ԍ01  (l &C3 C(1969232  ԍ  ԍ9  (l 'C3 C(879827  ԍ  ԍ2  (l (C3 C(101897  ԍ  ԍ89  (l )C3 C(Є    ԍ1391517  1l *C3 C1Є    ԍ5886781  VC+l +C3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*Y< ,C C44X384894  ԍ  ԍ2  (Y< -C3 C(3566094 'Y< .C3 C'282848 'Y< /C3 C'111492  ԍ  ԍ1  (Y< 0C3 C(Є    ԍ832073  1Y< 1C3 C1Є    ԍ994684  VC+Y< 2C3    CV!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*) 3C C44X562119  ԍ  ԍ99  () 4C3 C(4103786  ԍ  ԍ3  () 5C3 C(151741  ԍ  ԍ35  () 6C3 C(156273  ԍ  ԍ83  () 7C3 C(Є    ԍ453248  1) 8C3 C1Є    ԍ4413724  VC+) 9C3    CV!4 4!forestry 4*:C C44X164740  ԍ  ԍ6  (;C3 C(738688 '<C3 C'908718 '=C3 C'694546 '>C3 C'214172 0?C3 C0134288 UB*@C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*AC C44X62129 'BC3 C'36030 'CC3 C'26099 'DC3 C'7277 'EC3 C'18822 0FC3 C014359 UB*GC3    CU!4 4!construction 4*|HC C44X163770  ԍ  ԍ72  (|IC3 C(1180610  ԍ  ԍ3  (|JC3 C(457096  ԍ  ԍ9  (|KC3 C(513030  ԍ  ԍ2  (|LC3 C(Є    ԍ559333  1|MC3 C1Є    ԍ1104995  VC+|NC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*iLOC C44X209098  ԍ  ԍ0  (iLPC3 C(1846758 'iLQC3 C'244222 'iLRC3 C'250843 'iLSC3 C'Є6621 0iLTC3 C0Є30201 UB*iLUC3    CU!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*9VC C44X501637 '9WC3 C'377364 '9XC3 C'124272 '9YC3 C'122996 '9ZC3 C'1276 09[C3 C0Є6568 UB*9\C3    CU!4 4!transportand  ԍ  ԍcommunication  5+  ]C C54X139889  ԍ  ԍ88  ( ^C3 C(8470964 ' _C3 C'551802  ԍ  ԍ4  ( `C3 C(468044  ԍ  ԍ5  ( aC3 C(837579 0 bC3 C0Є    ԍ664005  VC+ cC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*dC C44X115111  ԍ  ԍ3  (eC3 C(1072731 'fC3 C'78382 'gC3 C'157705 'hC3 C'Є79323 0iC3 C0Є    ԍ145303  VC+jC3    CV!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*kC C44X55367 'lC3 C'46653 'mC3 C'8714 'nC3 C'5318 'oC3 C'3396 0pC3 C02486 UB*qC3    CU!4 4!trade 4*y\rC C44X143238  ԍ  ԍ48  (y\sC3 C(1144249  ԍ  ԍ5  (y\tC3 C(288135  ԍ  ԍ3  (y\uC3 C(609224  ԍ  ԍ8  (y\vC3 C(Є    ԍ3210895  1y\wC3 C1Є    ԍ3991810  VC+y\xC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*I,yC C44X897303  ԍ  ԍ2  (I,zC3 C(8387343 'I,{C3 C'585689 'I,|C3 C'245840  ԍ  ԍ5  (I,}C3 C(Є    ԍ1872716  1I,~C3 C1Є    ԍ2237383  VC+I,C3    CV!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*C C44X65708 'C3 C'45355 'C3 C'20353 'C3 C'58029 'C3 C'Є37676 0C3 C0Є42691 UB*C3    CU!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*C C44X446838  ԍ  ԍ7  (C3 C(2527225 'C3 C'194116  ԍ  ԍ2  (C3 C(309149  ԍ  ԍ8  (C3 C(Є    ԍ1150336  1C3 C1Є    ԍ1503871  VC+C3    CV!4 4!cateringandtourism 4*C C44X303635  ԍ  ԍ8  (C3 C(2070140 'C3 C'966218 'C3 C'954943 'C3 C'11275 0C3 C0Є    ԍ114764  VC+C3    CV!4 4!Ӏsocial 4*lC C44X701288 'lC3 C'471725 'lC3 C'229562 'lC3 C'309431 'lC3 C'Є79869 0lC3 C0Є    ԍ105109  VC+lC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*Y<C C44X493504 'Y<C3 C'430992 'Y<C3 C'62511 'Y<C3 C'135632 'Y<C3 C'Є73121 0Y<C3 C0Є85497 UB*Y<C3    CU!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*) C C44X184156  ԍ  ԍ6  () C3 C(1167422 ') C3 C'674144 ') C3 C'509880 ') C3 C'164264 0) C3 C075841 UB*) C3    CU!4 4!craftsandservices 4* C C44X205258  ԍ  ԍ1  ( C3 C(1368846 ' C3 C'683735 ' C3 C'676805 ' C3 C'6930 0 C3 C0Є35838 UB* C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*!C C44X752447 '!C3 C'653745 '!C3 C'98702 '!C3 C'150511 '!C3 C'Є51809 0!C3 C0Є65313 UB*!C3    CU!4 4!financeandbusiness  ԍ  ԍservices  5+ "|C C54X702325  ԍ  ԍ7  ("|C3 C(4999801 '"|C3 C'202345  ԍ  ԍ6  ("|C3 C(153436  ԍ  ԍ8  ("|C3 C(489088 0"|C3 C0374790 UB*"|C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*i#LC C44X214635  ԍ  ԍ2  (i#LC3 C(1788487 'i#LC3 C'357865 'i#LC3 C'358451 'i#LC3 C'Є586 0i#LC3 C0Є41256 UB*i#LC3    CU!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*9$C C44X25076 '9$C3 C'24601 '9$C3 C'475 '9$C3 C'9852 '9$C3 C'Є9377 09$C3 C0Є10550 UB*9$C3    CU!4 4!Ӏmixed 4* %C C44X364226  ԍ  ԍ0  ( %C3 C(2446875 ' %C3 C'119538  ԍ  ԍ5  ( %C3 C(778233 ' %C3 C'417152 0 %C3 C0370753 UB* %C3    CU!4 4!education,cultureand  ԍ  ԍinformation  5+ % C C54X342966  ԍ  ԍ3  (% C3 C(1424314 '% C3 C'200534  ԍ  ԍ9  (% C3 C(103833  ԍ  ԍ4  (% C3 C(967015 0% C3 C0889497 UB*% C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*&!C C44X299135 '&!C3 C'216756 '&!C3 C'82379 '&!C3 C'53190 '&!C3 C'29189 0&!C3 C023419 UB*&!C3    CU!4 4! TOTALallactivities 4*y'\"C C44X170567  ԍ  ԍ345  (y'\"C3 C(1182658  ԍ  ԍ15  (y'\"C3 C(523015  ԍ  ԍ30  (y'\"C3 C(549547  ԍ  ԍ27  (y'\"C3 C(Є    ԍ2653197  1y'\"C3 C1Є    ԍ16379624  VC+y'\"C3    CV!4 4! social 4*K(.#C C44X670932  ԍ  ԍ92  (K(.#C3 C(4166421  ԍ  ԍ2  (K(.#C3 C(254290  ԍ  ԍ80  (K(.#C3 C(245460  ԍ  ԍ23  (K(.#C3 C(883057 0K(.#C3 C0Є    ԍ6498698  VC+K(.#C3    CV!4 4! private 4*)#C C44X210432  ԍ  ԍ46  ()#C3 C(1880933  ԍ  ԍ9  ()#C3 C(223390  ԍ  ԍ7  ()#C3 C(504756  ԍ  ԍ5  ()#C3 C(Є    ԍ2813658  1)#C3 C1Є    ԍ3557556  VC+)#C3    CV!4 4! cooperative 4*)$C C44X166601  ԍ  ԍ3  ()$C3 C(1178925 ')$C3 C'487088 ')$C3 C'675461 ')$C3 C'Є    ԍ188373  1)$C3 C1Є    ԍ287569  R?+)$C3   CR!4 4! mixed ;**%C C;4X807647  ԍ  ԍ93  <+ *%C3 C<5661333  ԍ  ԍ9  <+ *%C3 C<241514  ԍ  ԍ54  <+ *%C3 C<246856  ԍ  ԍ78  <+ *%C3 C<Є    ԍ534224  >+ *%C3 C>Є    ԍ6034987  ;1/*%C3 0  !  ;9( 4 <DL49Ӏ?y   i-L( Table2    <? Valueofadjustmentsforunderreportingmadeatregisteredcorporativeenterprises   ̀ ! inthousandsofdenars   *XY d"dYY@IY@KIY@IY@IY@IY@IY@VW##,WYY@,RIY@,GIY@,IY@,IY@,IY@,IY@+  5" n  @@C5$4 X$activity =* C C= 4Xgrossoutput =*  C C=intermediateconsumption =*{ C C=valueadded =* C C=compensationofemployees =*j C C=grossoperatingsurplus =*{ C C=netoperatingsurplus:0.{ C @@   :*Z[ ddWYY@RIY@GIY@IY@IY@IY@IY@XY##,WYY@,_II@,:II@,II@,II@,PII@,IY@+  5"    C5$4 X$industryandmining 4* C C44X401850 ' C3 C'Є    ԍ1259908  ( C3 C(166175  ԍ  ԍ8  ( !C3 C(16535  ԍ  ԍ4  ( "C3 C(1496404 0 #C3 C014964  ԍ  ԍ04  VC+ $C3    CV!4 4!Ӏsocial 4* %C C44X0 ' &C3 C'Є503368 ' 'C3 C'503368 ' (C3 C'7924 ' )C3 C'495444 0 *C3 C049544  ԍ  ԍ4  VC+ +C3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4* ,C C44X325050 ' -C3 C'Є398005 ' .C3 C'723055 ' /C3 C'60950 ' 0C3 C'662105 0 1C3 C066210  ԍ  ԍ5  VC+ 2C3    CV!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*v3C C44X76800 'v4C3 C'Є358535 'v5C3 C'435335 'v6C3 C'96480 'v7C3 C'338855 0v8C3 C033885  ԍ  ԍ5  VC+v9C3    CV!4 4!forestry 4*Kf:C C44X0 'Kf;C3 C'Є9900 'Kf<C3 C'9900 'Kf=C3 C'2700 'Kf>C3 C'7200 0Kf?C3 C07200 UB*Kf@C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4* ;AC C44X0 ' ;BC3 C'Є9900 ' ;CC3 C'9900 ' ;DC3 C'2700 ' ;EC3 C'7200 0 ;FC3 C07200 UB* ;GC3    CU!4 4!construction 4*HC C44X0 'IC3 C'Є513300 'JC3 C'513300 'KC3 C'33920 'LC3 C'479380 0MC3 C047938  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+NC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*OC C44X0 'PC3 C'Є508260 'QC3 C'508260 'RC3 C'33500 'SC3 C'474760 0TC3 C047476  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+UC3    CV!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*VC C44X0 'WC3 C'Є5040 'XC3 C'5040 'YC3 C'420 'ZC3 C'4620 0[C3 C04620 UB*\C3    CU!4 4!transportand  ԍ  ԍcommunication  5+ t]C C54X22180 't^C3 C'Є158070 't_C3 C'180250 't`C3 C'25700 'taC3 C'154550 0tbC3 C015455  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+tcC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*IddC C44X21830 'IdeC3 C'Є152430 'IdfC3 C'174260 'IdgC3 C'22530 'IdhC3 C'151730 0IdiC3 C015173  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+IdjC3    CV!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*9kC C44X350 '9lC3 C'Є5640 '9mC3 C'5990 '9nC3 C'3170 '9oC3 C'2820 09pC3 C02820 UB*9qC3    CU!4 4!trade 4*rC C44X3026188 'sC3 C'Є    ԍ1866120  (tC3 C(489230  ԍ  ԍ8  (uC3 C(43253  ԍ  ԍ0  (vC3 C(4459778 0wC3 C044597  ԍ  ԍ78  VC+xC3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*yC C44X2970288 'zC3 C'Є    ԍ1839110  ({C3 C(480939  ԍ  ԍ8  (|C3 C(43253  ԍ  ԍ0  (}C3 C(4376868 0~C3 C043768  ԍ  ԍ68  VC+C3    CV!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*C C44X700 'C3 C'Є1260 'C3 C'1960 'C3 C'0 'C3 C'1960 0C3 C01960 UB*C3    CU!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*rC C44X55200 'rC3 C'Є25750 'rC3 C'80950 'rC3 C'0 'rC3 C'80950 0rC3 C080950 UB*rC3    CU!4 4!cateringandtourism 4*GbC C44X151940 'GbC3 C'Є53385 'GbC3 C'205325 'GbC3 C'42050 'GbC3 C'163275 0GbC3 C016327  ԍ  ԍ5  VC+GbC3    CV!4 4!Ӏsocial 4* 7C C44X3870 ' 7C3 C'0 ' 7C3 C'3870 ' 7C3 C'3870 ' 7C3 C'0 0 7C3 C00 UB* 7C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4* C C44X142040 ' C3 C'Є53385 ' C3 C'195425 ' C3 C'32150 ' C3 C'163275 0 C3 C016327  ԍ  ԍ5  VC+ C3    CV!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*!C C44X6030 '!C3 C'0 '!C3 C'6030 '!C3 C'6030 '!C3 C'0 0!C3 C00 UB*!C3    CU!4 4!craftsandservices 4*"C C44X72800 '"C3 C'Є96580 '"C3 C'169380 '"C3 C'30810 '"C3 C'138570 0"C3 C013857  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+"C3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*p#C C44X72800 'p#C3 C'Є96580 'p#C3 C'169380 'p#C3 C'30810 'p#C3 C'138570 0p#C3 C013857  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+p#C3    CV!4 4!financeandbusiness  ԍ  ԍservices  5+ E$`C C54X97700 'E$`C3 C'Є158610 'E$`C3 C'256310 'E$`C3 C'86160 'E$`C3 C'170150 0E$`C3 C017015  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+E$`C3    CV!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*%5C C44X90800 '%5C3 C'Є158610 '%5C3 C'249410 '%5C3 C'84430 '%5C3 C'164980 0%5C3 C016498  ԍ  ԍ0  VC+%5C3    CV!4 4!Ӏcooperative 4*% C C44X0 '% C3 C'0 '% C3 C'0 '% C3 C'120 '% C3 C'Є120 0% C3 C0Є120 UB*% C3    CU!4 4!Ӏmixed 4*& C C44X6900 '& C3 C'0 '& C3 C'6900 '& C3 C'1610 '& C3 C'5290 0& C3 C05290 UB*& C3    CU!4 4!education,cultureand  ԍ  ԍinformation  5+ '!C C54X0 ''!C3 C'Є9600 ''!C3 C'9600 ''!C3 C'3000 ''!C3 C'6600 0'!C3 C06600 UB*'!C3    CU!4 4!Ӏprivate 4*n("C C44X0 'n("C3 C'Є9600 'n("C3 C'9600 'n("C3 C'3000 'n("C3 C'6600 0n("C3 C06600 UB*n("C3    CU!4 4! TOTALallactivities 4*C)^#C C44X3772658 'C)^#C3 C'Є    ԍ4125473  (C)^#C3 C(789813  ԍ  ԍ1  (C)^#C3 C(82222  ԍ  ԍ4  (C)^#C3 C(7075907 0C)^#C3 C070759  ԍ  ԍ07  VC+C)^#C3    CV!4 4! social 4**3$C C44X3870 '*3$C3 C'Є503368 '*3$C3 C'507238 '*3$C3 C'11794 '*3$C3 C'495444 0*3$C3 C049544  ԍ  ԍ4  VC+*3$C3    CV!4 4! private 4**%C C44X3622808 '*%C3 C'Є    ԍ3225880  (*%C3 C(684868  ԍ  ԍ8  (*%C3 C(70260  ԍ  ԍ0  (*%C3 C(6146088 0*%C3 C061460  ԍ  ԍ88  VC+*%C3    CV!4 4! cooperative 4*+%C C44X1050 '+%C3 C'Є11940 '+%C3 C'12990 '+%C3 C'3710 '+%C3 C'9280 0+%C3 C09280 Q>*+%C3   CQ!4 4! mixed ;*,&C C;4X144930 ;*,&C3 C;Є384285 ;*,&C3 C;529215 ;*,&C3 C;10412  ԍ  ԍ0  <+ ,&C3 C<425095 =*,&C3 C=42509  ԍ  ԍ5  ;1/,&C3 0   ;9( 4 <DL49  ̀C<X Q<X M<X   J/e) Table3   ̀Shareofadjustmentsforunderreportinginthenonadjustedvaluesat̀registeredcorporativeenterprises   ̀ !  y percent   *\] d!dWYY@_II@:II@II@II@PII@IY@Z[##,YY@,IY@,lIY@,IY@,IY@,IY@,IY@+  5"    C5! 4 X!activity =* C C= 4Xgrossoutput =*  C C=intermediateconsumption =*f C C=valueadded =* C C=compensationofemployees =*rU C C=grossoperatingsurplus =*f C C=netoperatingsurplus UB*f C     CU! 4 X!industryand  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍmining  8+  C C84X0.45 7* C3 C7Є1.96 7* C3 C76.85 7* !C3 C70.61 7* "C3 C7Є55.85 =* #C3 C=Є13.24 UB* $C3     CU 4 4Ӏsocial 4*rU %C C44X0.00 'rU &C3 C'Є2.56 'rU 'C3 C'5.72 'rU (C3 C'0.08 'rU )C3 C'Є35.60 0rU *C3 C0Є8.42 UB*rU +C3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*B% ,C C44X8.45 'B% -C3 C'Є11.16 'B% .C3 C'255.63 'B% /C3 C'5.47 'B% 0C3 C'Є79.57 0B% 1C3 C0Є66.56 UB*B% 2C3    CU 4 4Ӏmixed 4* 3C C44X0.14 ' 4C3 C'Є0.87 ' 5C3 C'2.87 ' 6C3 C'0.62 ' 7C3 C'Є74.76 0 8C3 C0Є7.68 UB* 9C3    CU 4 4forestry 4*:C C44X0.00 ';C3 C'Є1.34 '<C3 C'1.09 '=C3 C'0.39 '>C3 C'3.36 0?C3 C05.36 UB*@C3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*AC C44X0.00 'BC3 C'Є27.48 'CC3 C'37.93 'DC3 C'37.10 'EC3 C'38.25 0FC3 C050.14 UB*GC3    CU 4 4construction 4*eHC C44X0.00 'eIC3 C'Є4.35 'eJC3 C'11.23 'eKC3 C'0.66 'eLC3 C'Є85.71 0eMC3 C0Є43.38 UB*eNC3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*R5OC C44X0.00 'R5PC3 C'Є27.52 'R5QC3 C'208.11 'R5RC3 C'13.35 'R5SC3 C'Є            ԍ7170.70  1R5TC3 C1Є            ԍ1572.01  VC+R5UC3    CV 4 4Ӏcooperative 4*"VC C44X0.00 '"WC3 C'Є1.34 '"XC3 C'4.06 '"YC3 C'0.34 '"ZC3 C'362.04 0"[C3 C0Є70.34 UB*"\C3    CU 4 4transportand  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍcommunication  5+ ]C C54X0.16 '^C3 C'Є1.87 '_C3 C'3.27 '`C3 C'0.55 'aC3 C'18.45 0bC3 C0Є23.28 UB*cC3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*dC C44X1.90 'eC3 C'Є14.21 'fC3 C'222.32 'gC3 C'14.29 'hC3 C'Є191.28 0iC3 C0Є104.42 UB*jC3    CU 4 4Ӏcooperative 4*ukC C44X0.63 'ulC3 C'Є12.09 'umC3 C'68.74 'unC3 C'59.61 'uoC3 C'83.03 0upC3 C0113.43 UB*uqC3    CU 4 4trade 4*bErC C44X21.13 'bEsC3 C'Є16.31 'bEtC3 C'169.79 'bEuC3 C'7.10 'bEvC3 C'Є138.90 0bEwC3 C0Є111.72 UB*bExC3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*2yC C44X33.10 '2zC3 C'Є21.93 '2{C3 C'821.15 '2|C3 C'17.59 '2}C3 C'Є233.72 02~C3 C0Є195.62 UB*2C3    CU 4 4Ӏcooperative 4*C C44X1.07 'C3 C'Є2.78 'C3 C'9.63 'C3 C'0.00 'C3 C'Є5.20 0C3 C0Є4.59 UB*C3    CU 4 4Ӏmixed 4*C C44X1.24 'C3 C'Є1.02 'C3 C'4.17 'C3 C'0.00 'C3 C'Є7.04 0C3 C0Є5.38 UB*C3    CU 4 4cateringand  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍtourism  5+ C C54X5.00 'C3 C'Є2.58 'C3 C'21.25 'C3 C'4.40 'C3 C'1448.1  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍ7  1C3 C1Є142.27 UB*C3    CU 4 4Ӏsocial 4*rUC C44X0.55 'rUC3 C'0.00 'rUC3 C'1.69 'rUC3 C'1.25 'rUC3 C'0.00 0rUC3 C00.00 UB*rUC3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*B%C C44X28.78 'B%C3 C'Є12.39 'B%C3 C'312.62 'B%C3 C'23.70 'B%C3 C'Є223.30 0B%C3 C0Є190.97 UB*B%C3    CU 4 4Ӏmixed 4* C C44X0.33 ' C3 C'0.00 ' C3 C'0.89 ' C3 C'1.18 ' C3 C'0.00 0 C3 C00.00 UB* C3    CU 4 4craftsand  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍservices  5+  C C54X3.55 ' C3 C'Є7.06 ' C3 C'24.77 ' C3 C'4.55 ' C3 C'1999.4  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍ9  1 C3 C1Є386.66 UB* C3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*!C C44X9.68 '!C3 C'Є14.77 '!C3 C'171.61 '!C3 C'20.47 '!C3 C'Є267.46 0!C3 C0Є212.16 UB*!C3    CU 4 4financeand  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍbusinessservices  5+ "eC C54X1.39 '"eC3 C'Є3.17 '"eC3 C'12.67 '"eC3 C'5.62 '"eC3 C'34.79 0"eC3 C045.40 UB*"eC3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*R#5C C44X4.23 'R#5C3 C'Є8.87 'R#5C3 C'69.69 'R#5C3 C'23.55 'R#5C3 C'Є            ԍ28164.93  1R#5C3 C1Є399.90 UB*R#5C3    CU 4 4Ӏcooperative 4*"$C C44X0.00 '"$C3 C'0.00 '"$C3 C'0.00 '"$C3 C'1.22 '"$C3 C'1.28 0"$C3 C01.14 UB*"$C3    CU 4 4Ӏmixed 4*$C C44X0.19 '$C3 C'0.00 '$C3 C'0.58 '$C3 C'0.21 '$C3 C'1.27 0$C3 C01.43 UB*$C3    CU 4 4education,  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍcultureandinformation  5+ % C C54X0.00 '% C3 C'Є0.67 '% C3 C'0.48 '% C3 C'0.29 '% C3 C'0.68 0% C3 C00.74 UB*% C3    CU 4 4Ӏprivate 4*&u!C C44X0.00 '&u!C3 C'Є4.43 '&u!C3 C'11.65 '&u!C3 C'5.64 '&u!C3 C'22.61 0&u!C3 C028.18 UB*&u!C3    CU 4 4 TOTALall  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ  ԍ    ԍactivities   5+ b'E"C C54X2.21 'b'E"C3 C'Є3.49 'b'E"C3 C'15.10 'b'E"C3 C'1.50 'b'E"C3 C'Є266.69 0b'E"C3 C0Є43.20 UB*b'E"C3    CU 4 4 social 4*2(#C C44X0.01 '2(#C3 C'Є1.21 '2(#C3 C'1.99 '2(#C3 C'0.05 '2(#C3 C'56.11 02(#C3 C0Є7.62 UB*2(#C3    CU 4 4 private 4*)#C C44X17.22 ')#C3 C'Є17.15 ')#C3 C'306.58 ')#C3 C'13.92 ')#C3 C'Є218.44 0)#C3 C0Є172.76 UB*)#C3    CU 4 4 cooperative 4*)$C C44X0.06 ')$C3 C'Є1.01 ')$C3 C'2.67 ')$C3 C'0.55 ')$C3 C'Є4.93 0)$C3 C0Є3.23 Q>*)$C3   CQ 4 4 mixed ;**%C C;4X0.18 ;**%C3 C;Є0.68 ;**%C3 C;2.19 ;**%C3 C;0.42 ;**%C3 C;Є79.57 =**%C3 C=Є7.04:0.*%C3 0  !  :9( 4 <DL49Ӏ̀#259v#UK.,US.,  a,D' EU   Notes:     q    !   1.  RolandLuttikhuizen Viewsonthehiddenandinformaleconomiesthe  papersofStatisticsNetherlands,Luxembourg,2930January1997̀2. Socialownership 󀄀Specifickindofownershipcharacteristicforthe   previoussocialistsystemofRepublicofMacedonia.Itwasdifferentfromstateenterprisesintheothersocialistcountries.Formallytherewasnotownerofsuchenterprises,butworkersweremanagersofthem.Insocialenterpriseswasfunctioningsocalledselfmanagementsystem.  Mixedownership 󀄀Itischaracteristicfortransitionperiodinour sV  country.Enterprisesthatstartedtheprocessofprivatisation,apartofthemisprivatisedbymeansofshares,butmorethan51%arestillinsocialownership.   Privateownership 󀄀In1994,almostallprivateenterpriseswerenew /  created.In1995andfurtherwecandistinguishprivatisedandnewcreatedprivateenterprises.  Individualenterprise 󀄀Itcorrespondtounincorporatedenterprisein  SNAterms.̀񀀀   Bibliography:   ̀1.JanosArvay,AndrasVertes TheshareoftheprivatesectorandthehiddeneconomyinHungaryGKI1995̀2.ISTAT TheundergroundeconomyinItalianeconomicaccountsRoma1993̀3.RobertVanEck,BrughtKazemier Featuresofthehiddene