WPCU 2HBJZCourier3|N i6X@`7 @HP LaserJet 5LHPLAS5L.PRS5i6X@`7\\!$| @27/09/94 09:04 23509 final trans/sc.2/r.193/add.5sandi  rJet 5LD.>Azİ #&m P7&P#    USFR2ez| X zCourierCG Times"4|Jx ^6=U\\===\====\\\\\\\\\\==Qs~sm=Gsizbsw===\\=Q\Q\Q=\\33\3\\\\DG3\\\\QQ\Q\\\\\\=\\\\\\\\\3QQQQQz~QsQsQsQsQ=3=3=3=3\\\\\\\\\\Q\\\\\i\QQQ}Q}Q~Q~QnrQsQsQrQ\\\\\\\\=3=3=3=3fG\r3rBs3r3r3\j\\\\yByBzDcFcFcFbGrBr3s3\\\\\\\uQuQuQ\s3\zDbGs3\\n\\=\\===WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN\\\=QKK\\\\\\@\\\\@==__\00\\nn\\\mff=_\@"\_\\==n=\\f\z\=\Q\iwUznNm\QQ====nsfnfzQsGwQ\Q=3QzffQz\Qni\n\\sQQznfnnnnG\33QQQnQnnnn==\\\\\\\nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnGGGGGGG\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\333333333333QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn=is=n\Q=Tgnj}}ccyyTjcc;T;TXFu&x7iii,i6X@`7 @3m=6,&m PE37&PHP LaserJet 5LHPLAS5L.PRS5i6X@`7\\| @ 3'3'Standard2G 3|N 27/09/94 09:04 23509 final trans/sc.2/r.193/add.5sandi  Courier 12cpiUnivers Bold (Scalable)CG Times (Scalable)CG Times Bold (Scalable)CG Times Italic (Scalable)CG Times Bold Italic (Scalable)+2 Z cHP LaserJet IIIPHPLASIII.PRSd6X@8;,\,=@USUK 3'3'Standard6&6&StandardHPLASIII.PRSd6X+ #d6X@8;z@#4 +   X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:uQ!+X1Í.4X1Í/ Í/+ҊX01Í Í4X01Í/ Í/+"m+O6^KKuKKKKKKKKKu᧎}>}ỵᣚKKKqqKyyyS66y6āOqS}}}lqqqK"Kq6yyyyyyyyyy>6>6>6>6}y}yyyyyyyyyyy>6>6>6>6l}yy6y6y6yXy?̒OOOqqqqSSSĚ}llly6OqS}}KqqKKKWddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddNqKu}}َ\\WXqqWKKqqSSᎎqqqЊKqqW"ᣣq}q qKKᣊᣣxKqlK}ᣣqᣣᣣĖ`ţqᣣqqKKKKΧ}qqh>:qq̅}lhhУ}Уq::KKqqqqqqq::::::::::::K>qdKx"m+O6^;C]ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲY~~wCN~sk~CCCddCYdYdYCdd88d8ddddJN8ddddYYdYCdddddCddddddddd8YYYYYY~Y~Y~Y~YC8C8C8C8ddddddddddYdddddsdYYYYYYYd~Y~Y~Y~YddddddddC8C8C8C8oNd~8~8~8~8~8dvddddJJJkNkNkNkN~8~8~8dddddddYYYd~8dJkN~8dddddCddCCCWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNdddCYQQddddddFddddFCChhd44ddzzdddwooChdF"Ȑdhd岲dCCȐzȲxCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ]ȐȐȧzȐUwŐdȐYYCCCCΐz~ozoY~NYdYC8YooYdYzsdzdd~YYzozzzzNd88YYYzYzzzzCCdddddddzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzNNNNNNNdddddddddddddddddddd888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzCs~CzdYCx2%v!#Default Paragraph FoDefault Paragraph Font11#Xx6X@DQX@##d6X@DQ@#toc 1toc 1` hp x (#` hp x (#toc 2toc 2` hp x (#` ` ` hp x (#toc 3toc 3` hp x (#` ` ` hp x (#2,& (>*v\,toc 4toc 4` hp x (#  ` hp x (#toc 5toc 5` hp x (#hh` hp x (#toc 6toc 6` hp x (#` hp x (#toc 7toc 7 2|5 - "/ @1 ^3toc 8toc 8 ` hp x (#` hp x (#toc 9toc 9 ` hp x (#` hp x (#index 1index 1 ` hp x (#` ` ` hp x (#index 2index 2 ` hp x (#` ` ` hp x (#29 578J9toa headingtoa heading ` hp x (#` hp x (#captioncaption;1#Xx6X@DQX@##d6X@DQ@#_Equation Caption_Equation Caption11#Xx6X@DQX@##d6X@DQ@#page numberpage number1#XX2PkCXP#2>::6;=footnote textfootnote textG=#I2PkCP#USUKUKUS#&Q2PkC&P#footnote referencefootnote reference44#XX2PkCXP##&Q2PkC&P#footerfooter` hp x (# USUKUKUS ` hp x (#Default Para@6_YDefault Paragraph Font(G*GßL [.E;;#Xx6X@QX@##d6X@;@#2W> ? )IR_Equation Ca@6_Y_Equation CaptionG8[*GßL [.E;;#Xx6X@QX@##d6X@;@#"4|Jx ^7zzXzXzzzzzzzzzzXXX7XzXMMB dzXo,,BXBXBXXB XXXX,XM MM!,,,X[zzzzzzzzzzz,zoBBBBBMBXBXBXBXBXXXXXXXXXMBXXXMXdXBBBBBBBXXBXBXBXBXXXXXXXX!MBBBBBBXXXXXX ,,,,zzzXXXXXXX Mo!o!o!XBX,zMMXXX,,WXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddN,zz7MMzzBzXXz,,zX,,zXXXzzooX,X,,,,ooX,,XX"XXXXXXX,XXMXXXXX,XXXXX!X,XXXXXoXXxX,zdzXXX!zMzXXXXXXXX,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX oXXXXdXXXXXX,XXXX,,XzdM,XX,oXo,, dM!XodXozd,M,X,XXddXzzzzzzzXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,,,,,,,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXddddddddddddoX, x"4|Jx ^YY YYY YYYYYY    J YYYYc@@@^c Y(Y@J@J@J@J@J@J@J@J@@@@iJ ^^^ccc @^cYYYYW                                                ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddNYmm  hh hYY cc     Y  h"                    YY       xY    Y                                     r          YYYY{JE{{EEYYEEEEEEEEEEEEYJwYx"m+O6^;C]ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲdzN`zoȐCCCddCdoYoYFdo8Co8odooYNCodddYdddCdddddCddddddddo8dddddϐYYYYYN8N8N8N8oddddooooddoddddzodddYYYYoYYYYddddddooN8N8N8N8r`o888N8ooodd┐YYYoNoNoNoNCCCooooooȐdYYYo8oYoNCddodoCddCCCWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNdddCdUUddddddFddddFCCssd44ddzzddd~ooCsdF"Ȑdsd岲dCCȐzȲxCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ`ȐȐȮzȐUwŐdȐddCCCCΐzozoYNYYYN8YooYdYzzdzddYYzozzzzNY88YYYzYzzzzCCdddddddzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzNNNNNNNYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzCzNzdYCx2eW\-=`jb"m+O6^$(8<><q*"xxxxWWxxxWWkkxxx@ I.     %" BibliografieBibliografie;4  X%" SubKopingSubkoping<0\ E A.  VolgbladKoptekst voor een genummerd volgblad=P%    X X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:)?@A&NUMMERumAutomatische nummering van de alinea's>'quD I. u"u BLOKJEHHAlinea's beginnen met een blokjeHHHHHHH? C_&  1 ! 1 y!@oooddooy u"u ! 1 !! 1 STAP5HHHPunten aangegeven met: 'HHHHHHHHH@(%H    BOEKATBOEK. a.(1)(aStandaard instellingen voor boekA;Vj 6& II2"$2Pt6"6&Blanco.(1)(aStandaard instellingen voor6& II2"$2Pt6"6&Blanco.(1)(aStandaard instellingen voor     T 1.1 1 * 1.1 1 * T << 2B`CnKDESTAP44 PZonder nummering en vetB  KOPTEKST Koptekst even/oneven, titel,hoofdstukC۫ \4 PANEА  ^  X4 X$E# Titel boek  ӃY X4 X$E# `  >Hoofdstuk   \4 PANEА   ӋSTAP3ingNummering van opeenvolgende stappenDn$ D4pEbY 1. b 4 PQNEι #b D   4 PQNEι HOOFDSTUKeRechter bladzijde hoofdstuk opmaakEp4$ `  C ~D4XOES 1؃ `  D׃  J  ~D4XOES 2RFGsHs4IPARAGRAAF4 PNummering hfdstk.prgrf paragraaf opmaakragraafFLo e3$  D4pE^ 0.1   D4pE^ KADERA5Kader omlijning ter grootte van A5 14,85 x 21 cmG Afbeelding 1 ! Afbeelding 1 y!h&ddh&yKADER1Cg4XKader omlijning op 1 cm van de rand van ieder A4HF Afbeelding 1 1 Figure 1 y!#3dd#3ySub-kopjeI)l$ XtD4pEb   XtD4pEb 2JKmL0_MyKopjeJ~$' D4PE y bdddy    H  Tx y $.dddy $   H ' D4PE FormaatK   bXX ;@yXdddy    0 y$dddy $  ;|M y4dddy    , ypdddy    (0 y$dddy V  XtD4pEb a'Page V 3ПKolomLF<  O {Fr>#҇KopM!*   a& ~D4XOɀ WordPerfect Europe Nieuwsbrief Xt4 PINE,  .w   U 1  << 1 !Ct<<ddȂ t XlD4PEp Volume I Nummer 12!a+Interne Communicatie`?^!:Oktober 5, 1988$>#>#>#>#L!=#$2N#:O#]PQKOLOM2Twee krantestijl kolommenNޜ"҇PARKOL2Twee gelijke parallelle kolommenO޼B"҇KOLOM3Drie krantestijl kolommen klein en uitgevuldPU "҇ È " "Ҟ PARKOL3Drie parallelle kolommen kleine letterQ)|C "҇ÈC "C "2_RpSq$TeUeDocument[8]7&'!Document StyleE o o'!1I o'R` ` ` Document[4]7&'!Document Style61r o'!1I o'S  . Document[6]7&'!Document Style61r o'!1I o'T  Document[5]7&'!Document Style61r o'!1I o'U  2VWp$XY&Document[2]7&'!Document Style61r o'!1I o'V*    Document[7]7&'!Document Style61r o'!1I o'W  ` ` ` Right Par[1]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'X8 @  Right Par[2]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'YA@` ` `  ` ` ` 2Z[\,]Document[3]7&'!Document Style61r  o'!1I o'Z0     Right Par[3]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'[J` ` ` @  ` ` ` Right Par[4]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'\S` ` `  @  Right Par[5]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o']\` ` `  @hhh hhh 2^_`HaRight Par[6]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'^e` ` `  hhh@ hhh Right Par[7]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'_n` ` `  hhh@  Right Par[8]7&'!Right-Aligned Paragraph Numberso'!1I o'`w` ` `  hhh@ppp ppp Document[1]7&'!Document Style61r o'!1I o'aF    ׃  2@bcdeTechnical[5]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'b&!"  . Technical[6]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'c&#$  . Technical[2]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'd*%&    Technical[3]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'e''(   2frghi;Technical[4]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'f&)*   Technical[1]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'g4+$,     Technical[7]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'h&-.  . Technical[8]7&'!Technical Document Style o'!1I o'i&/0  . 2OjtkflmBibliographiBibliographiej:6tX " a1Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droitek:F@nI.  X" a2Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droitelC G@` A. ` ` "` a3Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droitemL&` ` @ 1. ` `  " 2no6pqa4Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droitenU,`` `  @d $a. ` '" a5Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droiteo_u` `  '@mh*(1) ' hh."h a6Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droitephgl&` `  'hh.@0(a) hh.4" a7Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droiteqp281` `  'hh.4@z8i) 4h;" 2rstuFa8Para. droitNum)ro paragraphes align) ! droiterygD` `  'hh.4;@p>a) ;ppA"p Techn actifActiver style document techniquese I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 Techniquea2TechniqueStyle document techniquet<  yO  A.   a3TechniqueStyle document techniqueu9Xh  yO  1.   2Mvwx/ya4TechniqueStyle document techniquev8X| yO  a.   a1TechniqueStyle document techniquewFf!<  e  I.   Doc actifActiver style documentlexH  p-p-p-  I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)Documentga5TechniqueStyle document techniquey9: yO  (1) . 2Fz{|}Ba6TechniqueStyle document techniquez9z yO  (a) . a7TechniqueStyle document technique{8 k yO  i) . a8TechniqueStyle document technique|8n yO  a) . Papier marg)R/gle de num)rotation de lignes}    X X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:  ? <  ? 8  ? 0  ? ?  ?? ??  ?? ?  ?? ?  ??   ?   ?  ??   ???  ? ??  ? ? ? ? ?   ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??     ? ? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????  ??? ???   ?   ?   ? ?        ?  ???ǀ  ?  ?8 ? ?~?? <?? 8??? 8???? 0?? ?? `??? @????? ?????? ???? ?  ?0 ??0? ?8? 8?? `À ? ?? ??  ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??  ? ??? ?? ?? ??   ? ??  8<>?~?|?||?0<>??? ?  ?? ?????????????????????????? ?< ?ǀ<ǀxx ?????0?????????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??x ?? ?? ?  ?? ? ? ??  ?? ? ? ??< ? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?~?  ??@? ??p?  @   ?   ?  ?? ? ? ?  ? ? ? ??@? ? ??8?? ? |?? ? ? ???? ?? ?? ?  ?  ?    ? >? | ?????????À? ? ??????????????????? ?? ????p` ? ?~?~?~??~?????~????~???|???<??`8???8??0???0?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?x ?x ?|? ??|? ?>? >?? ??? ??x? ?| ?~ ?   ? ? ? ?  ??  ?? ? ?  ???? ??? ????????????????? ?  ??  ??      ??     ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |? ? |???? <? >?????? ? ? ?       ???  ??????  ????  ? ?     ?? ? ? ?  ? ??   ?p ?   ? ?   ?    ?    ?   ?   ?  ??| ?? ??? ? ?? ? ?  ?  ?? ? ??   ??   ? ~  ? | ?   p?  ?? ??? ? ? ?? ?   ?      ? ? ? ?     ?  ? ???  ???  ?? ?? ??  ?  ?? ?   ?   ?  ?  ??? ??  ?  ? ?   ??  ????  ?? ?   ?   ?  ?  ?   ??  ?     ?  ? ? ?      ?     ?  ?  ?   ?? ?  ?  ?    ??    ?    ?    ??  ?      ?   ?     ?     ?     ??  ? ??  ??  ?    ? ??  ??     ? ? ?  ? ?    ?      ? ? ?        ? ??  ? ?      ? |  >  ?    ? ? ? ???  ?? @???  ?? ? ?? ??  ? ??    ??? ????  ? ?  ??    ?  ? ?     ?? ? ??? ?    ?  ?  ??     ?  ?          ?  ?~ x  p  ?  ?  ?  ?  ?   ?     ?     ?   ?? ???????????++`+?+ *? ?*? ?* * ****?(?(?((((''?(?()**?+?+?,?-.K(&%$$##"?  ?    q ???? !?"*) )( ?((''?&&?&%%$?$?$? ? ? ??   ?   . .? ?. - - ?- - --,,, ,? ,!+?!+"+ "+ #+ $+4*4*?4*4*4*?4*4*4*3)?3)3)3)?3)3)3)3)3)2)?2)2)2)2)2)2)2*π2B1B1B?1B?1B1B?1C1C2C2C2w*TTTTTTTTTTTTT ,,,888DDDPPP```ppp@||@@||@@||@|||||||||||||||||||||||||||ĴشĴشĴشpp8pTppppTp8pppp8pTppTp8ppppp8pTppTp8pp88pD8pT8p`8pp8pp8`p8Tp8Dp88pD8pT8p`8pp8`p8Tp8Dp88p88pD8pT8p`8pp8`p8Tp8DpPPpXPp`PphPppPppPhpP`pPXpPPpXPp`PphPppPhpP`pPXpPPpPPpXPp`PphPppPhpP`pPXp@@ @0@@@@0@ @@@@ @0@@0@ @@@@@ @0@@0@ @@ @( @0 @8 @@ @@ 8@ 0@ (@ @( @0 @8 @@ 8@ 0@ (@ @ @( @0 @8 @@ 8@ 0@ (@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,@@,<@,4@,0@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,<@,4@,0@,,@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,<@,4@,0@ XXXhd X&&h-|vplhff`ZTOJE@<840-*'%"  "(+/269<?BEHKN Q"T#W%Y&\(_*a,d.f0h3k5m8o:o:o:o9o8o7o6o5o3o2o0o/o-o+o*o(o&o%o#o"o!o ooooopqsuwz}"'-5?IT`mz|ywtrponnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn|nznznvnsmpmmljkgjdhag_e\dZbX`V]T[RYQVPSNPMMLJLGKDK@J=J:J7J4K1K.L,M*N(O&P$Q"S!U VXZ]_adgjmptwxz}  -zupke_\XUQNKHEA>;9630-+(&#!  xj]PC7+!   !(/7?GOW^elrx} "#%'*,.147:=@CGJMPSVY[]_acefgijkllmnnnoooooooozotonogo`oXoPoHo@o8o0o(o!oooo ooooopqsuxz} %.6?HR[dlu|TTTTTTTTTTTTT ,,,888DDDPPP```ppp@||@@||@@||@|||||||||||||||||||||||||||ĴشĴشĴشpp8pTppppTp8pppp8pTppTp8ppppp8pTppTp8pp88pD8pT8p`8pp8pp8`p8Tp8Dp88pD8pT8p`8pp8`p8Tp8Dp88p88pD8pT8p`8pp8`p8Tp8DpPPpXPp`PphPppPppPhpP`pPXpPPpXPp`PphPppPhpP`pPXpPPpPPpXPp`PphPppPhpP`pPXp@@ @0@@@@0@ @@@@ @0@@0@ @@@@@ @0@@0@ @@ @( @0 @8 @@ @@ 8@ 0@ (@ @( @0 @8 @@ 8@ 0@ (@ @ @( @0 @8 @@ 8@ 0@ (@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,@@,<@,4@,0@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,<@,4@,0@,,@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,<@,4@,0@ XXXhd X&&h-|vplhff`ZTOJE@<840-*'%"  "(+/269<?BEHKN Q"T#W%Y&\(_*a,d.f0h3k5m8o:o:o:o9o8o7o6o5o3o2o0o/o-o+o*o(o&o%o#o"o!o ooooopqsuwz}"'-5?IT`mz|ywtrponnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn|nznznvnsmpmmljkgjdhag_e\dZbX`V]T[RYQVPSNPMMLJLGKDK@J=J:J7J4K1K.L,M*N(O&P$Q"S!U VXZ]_adgjmptwxz}  -zupke_\XUQNKHEA>;9630-+(&#!  xj]PC7+!   !(/7?GOW^elrx} "#%'*,.147:=@CGJMPSVY[]_acefgijkllmnnnoooooooozotonogo`oXoPoHo@o8o0o(o!oooo ooooopqsuxz} %.6?HR[dlu|TTTTTTTTTTTTT ,,,888DDDPPP```ppp@||@@||@@||@|||||||||||||||||||||||||||ĴشĴشĴشpp8pTppppTp8pppp8pTppTp8ppppp8pTppTp8pp88pD8pT8p`8pp8pp8`p8Tp8Dp88pD8pT8p`8pp8`p8Tp8Dp88p88pD8pT8p`8pp8`p8Tp8DpPPpXPp`PphPppPppPhpP`pPXpPPpXPp`PphPppPhpP`pPXpPPpPPpXPp`PphPppPhpP`pPXp@@ @0@@@@0@ @@@@ @0@@0@ @@@@@ @0@@0@ @@ @( @0 @8 @@ @@ 8@ 0@ (@ @( @0 @8 @@ 8@ 0@ (@ @ @( @0 @8 @@ 8@ 0@ (@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,@@,<@,4@,0@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,<@,4@,0@,,@,,@0,@4,@<,@@,<@,4@,0@ XXXhd X&&h-|vplhff`ZTOJE@<840-*'%"  "(+/269<?BEHKN Q"T#W%Y&\(_*a,d.f0h3k5m8o:o:o:o9o8o7o6o5o3o2o0o/o-o+o*o(o&o%o#o"o!o ooooopqsuwz}"'-5?IT`mz|ywtrponnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn|nznznvnsmpmmljkgjdhag_e\dZbX`V]T[RYQVPSNPMMLJLGKDK@J=J:J7J4K1K.L,M*N(O&P$Q"S!U VXZ]_adgjmptwxz}  -zupke_\XUQNKHEA>;9630-+(&#!  xj]PC7+!   !(/7?GOW^elrx} "#%'*,.147:=@CGJMPSVY[]_acefgijkllmnnnoooooooozotonogo`oXoPoHo@o8o0o(o!oooo ooooopqsuxz} %.6?HR[dlu| R  +? y Fdddyy GQdddjy 1  1 #p?7t-# !!!yddE  #}p?7#STUNITED  Z NATIONS yAn?22 dd#UNLOGO.WPG>nya   :,dd:-   d # p?7X #Secretariat#d6X@8;z@#+b >uQ!?+?  X #Xw P7[hXP#Q Distr. QRESTRICTED Q QST/SG/AC.10/R.522 Q27 September 1996 QOriginal : ENGLISH  ?+ COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS  4(Nineteenth session, Geneva, 211 December 1996  X\ agenda item 3 (a)) 1WORK OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE OF EXPERTS 2ON THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS  0Draft amendments to the Recommendations 2on the Transport of Dangerous Goods   X  ;Large Packagings CÃ  % (Transmitted by the experts from Germany, Norway, Sweden  X1 X8and the United Kingdom ă ?+! 7 ?+ At the twelfth session of the SubCommittee in July 1996, the experts from Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom submitted document ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/ R.763, following the illustration of the problems of using the term intermediate bulk container (IBC) in a number of different contexts (see document ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/R.665 from the Expert of the United Kingdom). Although the term IBC is limited to packagings to contain bulk solids, or liquids, "larger packagings" which contain inner packagings or articles are being used as well for different purposes. A number of different examples include: GE.96 (ac10/rv8/r522en),---RRԌ Y ԙ RN  ++ .tST/SG/AC.10/R.522 page .ɺ Y CGMST/SG/AC.10/R.522  Y CGMpage ! ! The use of such large packagings for infectious waste where the waste is !!lcontained in plastics bags within a large outer container;#! ! ! The carriage of explosives articles within similar containers (see document ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/R.601/Rev.1, adopted by the SubCommittee in July 1996).#! ! ! IBCs that have been tested with inner packagings.#! ! !  "! ! ++# ! ! The Collection of packaged dangerous wastes.#! The current Chapter 16 does not address all the related problems. The SubCommittee discussed these problems and agreed that such "packagings" were neitherIBCs nor packagings. However, there was a principle agreement that such packagings were needed. The experts of Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom was asked to reconsider the proposal. (See report ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/CRP.23/Add.6, paragraph 96). Having received written comments from different delegations as requested a further informal meetings has been held in Berlin. The experts of these four countries now jointly propose a revised version of the document for a new Chapter X to cover "Large Packagings". The proposal is based on 3 principles: ! ! Inner packagings from Chapter 9; ! ! Test regimes of Chapters 9 and 16, as appropriate; and#! ! ! General packing requirements from Chapters 9 and 16, as appropriate.#! Proposal  Ye X1! ! Large Packagings  Y7 X1.1! ! Large Packagings are combination packagings which contain articles or inner packagings (as defined in 9.2.1) and which#!  Y ! ! (a) "Are rigid packagings;#! ! ! #!  Y ! ! (b) "Are designed for mechanical handling;#! ! ! #!  Y" ! ! (c) "Exceed 400 kg net mass but have a volume of not more than [3000] l.#! ! ! #!  Yh$ X1.2! ! Such large packagings may be designed to simplify the handling of articles or inner packagings and to make them readily available at the point of use.#! :&+((Ԍ Y _X1.3! ! The recommendations on large packagings do not cover large packagings containing dangerous goods of #!  Y ! !  "Class 2 except articles including aerosols,  Y ! !  "Class 6.2 except clinical waste of UN 3291,  Y ! ! © "Class 7.# _! ! #!  Y_ X2! ! General packing requirements#! ! ! ++#!  Y1 X2.1! ! Dangerous goods should be packed in packagings of good quality. Large packagings have to be resistant to the stresses produced in the handling and should be constructed and closed so as to prevent the package as prepared for transport from any leakage which might be caused under normal conditions of transport, by vibration, or by changes in temperature, humidity or pressure (resulting from altitude, for example). No harmful quantity of a dangerous substance should adhere to the outside of the large packagings. These provisions apply both to new and to reused large packagings.#!  Yb X2.2! ! Parts of packagings which are in direct contact with dangerous substances should not be affected by chemical or other action of those substances. Where necessary, they should be provided with a suitable inner coating or treatment. Such parts of packagings should not incorporate constituents liable to react dangerously with the contents so as to form hazardous products, or to weaken them significantly.#!  Y X2.3! ! Each large packaging should conform to a design type successfully tested in accordance with the requirements laid down in X4.#!  Y| X2.4! ! When filling inner packagings with liquids, sufficient ullage (outage) should be left to ensure that neither leakage nor permanent distortion of the packaging occurs as a result of an expansion of the liquid caused by temperatures likely to occur during transport. Unless specific requirements are prescribed in national or international rules, agreements or recommendations, liquids should not completely fill a packaging at a temperature of 55 $C.#!  Y X2.5! ! For air transport, inner packagings intended to contain liquids should also be capable of withstanding a pressure differential without leakage as specified in the international regulations for air transport.#!  Y# X2.6! ! Inner packagings should be packed in a large packaging in such a way that, under normal conditions of transport, they cannot break, be punctured or leak their contents into the large packaging. Inner packagings that are liable to break or be punctured easily, such as those made of glass, porcelain or stoneware or of certain plastics materials, etc., should be secured in the large packaging with#'+(( suitable cushioning material. Any leakage of the contents should not substantially impair the protective properties of the cushioning material or of the large packaging.#!  Y X2.7! ! Dangerous goods should not be packed together in the same large packaging with dangerous or other goods if they react dangerously with each other and cause:#!  Y_ ! ! (a) "combustion and/or evolution of considerable heat;  YH ! ! (b) "evolution of flammable, toxic or asphyxiant gases;#!  Y1 ! ! (c) "the formation of corrosive substances; or#!  Y ! ! (d) "the formation of unstable substances.#!  Y X2.8! ! The closures of the inner packagings containing wetted or diluted substances should be such that the percentage of liquid (water, solvent or phlegmatizer) does not fall below the prescribed limits during transport.#!  Y X2.9! ! Where pressure may develop in an inner packaging by the emission of gas from the contents (as a result of temperature increase or other cause), the packaging may be fitted with a vent, provided that the gas emitted will not cause danger on account of its toxicity, its flammability, the quantity released, etc. The vent should be so designed that, when the large packaging is in the attitude in which it is intended to be transported, leakages of liquid and the penetration of foreign substances are prevented under normal conditions of transport. Venting of the package should not be permitted for air transport.#!  Y X2.10! ! New, reused or repaired large packagings should be capable of passing the tests prescribed in X4. Before being filled and handed over for transport, every large packaging should be inspected to ensure that it is free from corrosion, contamination or other damage. Any large packaging which shows signs of reduced strength as compared with the approved design type should no longer be used or should be so repaired that it is able to withstand the design type tests.#!  Y  X2.11! ! During carriage, large packagings should be securely fastened to or contained within the transport unit so as to prevent lateral or longitudinal movement or  Y impact and so as to provide adequate external support. #!  Y X2.12! ! If a large packaging has been contaminated, it should be treated in the same manner as is required by these Recommendations for a filled large packaging unless adequate measures have been taken to nullify any hazard. #!  Yh$ X2.13! ! Where damaged or leaking packages are contaminated appropriate measures should be taken to prevent excessive movement of those packages within the large packaging. When the package contains liquids sufficient material should be added to the large packaging to absorb any free liquid.#! #'+((Ԍ Y ԙxX3! ! Marking#!   Y X3.1! ! Primary marking. Each large packaging manufactured and intended for the use according to these Recommendations should bear durable and legible markings showing:#! x  Yx ! ! (a) "The United Nations packaging symbol;#! ! !  Figure 1  Figure 1 y!O @ddUNDGSYMB.CGMOy ! ! For metal large packagings on which the marking is stamped or embossed, the capital letters `UN` may be applied instead of the symbol.#! ! ! #!  Y ! ! (b) "The code "50" designating a large packaging followed by the material type in accordance with 9.4.6.#! ! ! #!  Y{ ! ! (c) "A capital letter designating the packing group(s) for which the design type has bee approved:#! ! !  "X for packing groups I, II and III#! ! !  "Y for packing groups II and III#! ! !  "Z for packing group III only.#!  Y ! ! (d) "The month and year (last two digits) of manufacture.#!  Y ! ! (e) "The State authorising the allocation of the mark; indicated by the   idistinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic.#!  Yg ! ! (f) "The name or symbol of the manufacturer and other identification hof the large packaging as specified by the competent authority.#!  Y" ! ! (g) "The stacking test load in kg. For large packagings not designed gfor stacking the figure "0" should be shown.#!  Y ! ! (h) "The maximum permissible gross mass.#! ! ! The primary marking required above should be applied in the sequence of the subparagraphs.#! #+((Ԍ! ! Examples of the marking: +! 7 + 7 ++  Y  Figure 1 ! Figure 1 yAO+`@ddUNDGSYMB.CGMOy "50A/X/05096/N/PQRS@GFor a large steel packaging  Y  " 2500/100009@Gstacking load. 2500kg suitable for Gstacking, gross mass 1000kg.#  Yv  yaO+ @ddUNDGSYMB.CGMOy| " 50H/Y/04 095/D/ABCD 987GFor a large plastics packaging #  Y_  | "0/80009@Gnot suitable for stacking,# Z" "7 7 (09"@"Ggross mass 800kg.#  Y X3.2ZAdditional marking#  Y ZIn addition to the above marks every large packaging should indicate the tare mass inkg.#  Y X4Testing  Yf X4.1Performance and frequency of test  Y8 X4.1.1ZThe design type of each large packaging should be tested as provided in X4.3 in accordance with procedures established by the competent authority.#  Y X4.1.2ZTests should be successfully performed on each large packaging design type before such packaging is used. A large packaging design type is defined by the design, size, material and thickness, manner of construction and packing, but may include various surface treatments. It also includes large packagings which differ from the design type only in their lesser design height.#  Yi X4.1.3ZTests should be repeated on production samples at intervals established by the competent authority. For such tests on fibreboard large packagings, preparation at ambient conditions is considered equivalent to the provisions of 4.2.3.#  Y  X4.1.4ZTests should also be repeated after each modification which alters the design, material or manner of construction of a large packaging.#  Y X4.1.5ZThe competent authority may permit the selective testing of large packagings that differ only in minor respects from a tested type, e.g. smaller sizes of inner packagings or inner packagings of lower net mass; and large packagings which are produced with small reductions in external dimension(s).# l$+((Ԍ Y vX4.1.6ZWhere a large packaging has been successfully tested with different types of inner packagings, a variety of such different inner packagings may also be assembled in this large packaging. In addition, provided an equivalent level of performance is maintained, the following variations in inner packagings are allowed without further testing of the package:# v  Yv  (a) "Inner packagings of equivalent or smaller size may be used provided:  YH Z "(i)7 7 (The inner packagings are of similar design to the tested inner packagings (e.g. shape - round, rectangular, etc.);#7  Y Z "(ii)7 7 (The material of construction of the inner packagings (glass, plastics, metal, etc.) offers resistance to impact and stacking forces equal to or greater than that of the originally tested inner packaging;#7  Y | "(iii)7 7 (The inner packagings have the same or smaller openings and the closure is of similar design (e.g. screw cap, friction lid, etc.);#7  Yb | "(iv)7 7 (Sufficient additional cushioning material is used to take up void spaces and to prevent significant movement of the inner packagings; and#7  Y | "(v)7 7 (Inner packagings are oriented within the large packaging in the same manner as in the tested package.#7  Y Z(b) "A lesser number of the tested inner packagings, or of the alternative types of inner packagings identified in (a) above, may be used provided sufficient cushioning is added to fill the void space(s) and to prevent significant movement of the inner packagings.#  Ye X4.1.7ZThe competent authority may at any time require proof, by tests in accordance with this section, that serially-produced large packagings meet the requirements of the design type tests.#  Y  X4.1.8ZProvided the validity of the test results is not affected and with the approval of the competent authority, several tests may be made on one sample.#   Y X4.2Preparation for testing  Y" X4.2.1ZTests should be carried out on large packagings prepared as for transport including the inner packagings or articles used. Inner packagings should be filled to not less than 98% of their maximum capacity for liquids or 95% for solids. For large packagings where the inner packagings are designed to carry liquids and solids, separate testing is required for both liquid and solid contents. The substances in the inner packagings or the articles to be transported in the large packagings may be%'+(( replaced by other material or articles except where this would invalidate the results of the tests. When other inner packagings or articles are used they should have the same physical characteristics (mass, etc.) as the inner packagings or articles to be carried. It is permissible to use additives, such as bags of lead shot, to achieve the requisite total package mass, so long as they are placed so that the test results are not affected.#  Y_ X4.2.2ZLarge packagings made of plastics materials and large packagings containing inner packagings of plastic materials other than bags intended to contain solids or articles should be drop tested when the temperature of the test sample and its contents has been reduced to 18$C or lower. This conditioning may be disregarded if the materials in question are of sufficient ductility and tensile strength at low temperatures. Where test samples are prepared in this way, the conditioning in9.7.2.3 may be waived. Test liquids should be kept in the liquid state by the  Y addition of antifreeze if necessary. #  Y X4.2.3ZLarge packagings of fibreboard should be conditioned for at least 24 hours in an atmosphere having a controlled temperature and relative humidity (r.h.). There are three options, one of which should be chosen. # ZThe preferred atmosphere is 23  2 $C and 50 %  2 % r.h. The two other options are:20  2 $C and65%2% r.h.; or 27  2 $C and65%2%r.h.#  W  ZNote: Average values should fall within these limits. Short-term fluctuations and measurement limitations may cause individual measurements to vary by up #  W Zto 5% relative humidity without significant impairment of test reproducibility.UKUK#  Y X4.3ZTest requirements#  Yi X4.3.1ZUKUSBottom lift test#  Y= X4.3.1.1ZApplicability# ZFor all types of large packagings which are fitted with means of lifting from the base, as a design type test.#  Y X4.3.1.2Preparation of large packagings for test ZThe large packagings should be loaded to 1.25 times its maximum permissible gross mass, the load being evenly distributed.# n$+((Ԍ Y HX4.3.1.3Method of testing ZThe large packaging should be raised and lowered twice by a lift truck with the forks centrally positioned and spaced at three quarters of the dimension of the side of entry (unless the points of entry are fixed). The forks should penetrate to three quarters of the direction of entry. The test should be repeated from each possible direction of entry.# H  YH X4.3.1.4Criteria for passing the test ZNo permanent deformation which renders the large packaging unsafe for transport and no loss of contents.#  Y X4.3.2Top lift test  Y X4.3.2.1Applicability ZFor types of large packagings which are intended to be lifted from the top and fitted with means of lifting, as a design type test.#  Y6 X4.3.2.2Preparation of large packaging for test ZThe large packaging should be loaded to twice its maximum permissible gross mass.#  Y X4.3.2.3Method of testing ZThe large packaging should be lifted in the manner for which it is designed until clear of the floor and maintained in that position for a period of five minutes.#  Yg X4.3.2.4Criteria for passing the test ZNo permanent deformation which renders the large packaging unsafe for transport and no loss of contents.#  Y X4.3.3Stacking test  Y X4.3.3.1Applicability ZFor all types of large packagings which are designed to be stacked on each other, as a design type test.# l$ +((Ԍ Y X4.3.3.2Preparation of large packaging for test ZThe large packaging should be filled to its maximum permissible gross mass.#  Y X4.3.3.3Method of testing ZThe large packaging should be placed on its base on level hard ground and subjected to a uniformly distributed superimposed test load (see X4.3.3.4) for a period of at least five minutes, large packagings of wood, fibreboard and plastic materials for a period of 24 h.#  Y X4.3.3.4ZCalculation of superimposed test load# ZThe load to be placed on the large packaging should be 1.8 times the combined maximum permissible gross mass of the number of similar large packagings that may be stacked on top of the large packaging during transport.#  Yy X4.3.3.5Criteria for passing the test ZNo permanent deformation which renders the large packaging unsafe for transport and no loss of contents.#  Y X4.3.4Drop test  Y X4.3.4.1Applicability For all types of large packagings as a design type test.  Y~ X4.3.4.2Preparation of large packagings for testing ZThe large packaging should be filled in accordance with X4.2.1. Pressure relief devices should be removed and their apertures plugged, or should be rendered inoperative.#  Y X4.3.4.3Method of testing ZThe large packaging should be dropped onto a rigid, nonresilient, smooth, flat and horizontal surface, in such a manner as to ensure that the point of impact is that part of the base of the large packaging considered to be the most vulnerable.# j$ +((Ԍ Y vX4.3.4.4Drop height  ZFor Inner packagings and articles, if the test is performed with the inner packagings or articles to be carried or with other materials or articles having essentially the same physical vcharacteristics:# T ddx!+dd^_   @@@T  W T Packing Group I 9Packing Group IIn[Packing Group IIIW g  _ 1.8 m ?1.2 m yna0.8 m  كg   ZWhere the inner packagings or articles to be transported have a relative density exceeding 1.2, the drop height should be calculated on the basis of the relative density (d) of the inner packagings or articles to be carried, rounded up to the first decimal, as follows:# T!+dd^_   @@@A+dd^   @@@T g  W T Packing Group IK 9Packing Group IIKn[Packing Group IIIW g  ! d x 1.5 (m)<d x 1.0 (m)]n]d x 0.67 (m)g  K  Y X4.3.4.5Criteria for passing the test  Y X4.3.4.5.1| "The large packaging should not exhibit any damage liable to affect safety during transport. There should be no leakage of the filling substance from the inner receptacle or inner packaging(s).#  Y X4.3.4.5.2| "No rupture is permitted in large packagings for articles of Class 1 which would permit the spillage of loose explosive substances or articles from the large packaging.#  Y X4.3.4.5.3| "Where a large packaging undergoes a drop test the sample passes the test if the entire contents are retained even if the closure is no longer siftproof.#  Y# X4.4ZCertification and test report#  Y% X4.4.1In respect of each design type of large packagings a certificate and mark (as in X3) should be issued attesting that the design type including it`s equipment meets the test requirements.s' +((Ԍ Y ԙX4.4.2A test report containing at least the following particulars should be drawn up and should be available to the users of the large packaging:  Y 1. "Name and address of the test facility;  Y 2. "Name and address of applicant (where appropriate);  Y 3. "A unique test report identification;  Y  4. "Date of the test report;  Y 5. "Manufacturer of the large packaging;  Y 6.| "Description of the large packaging design type (e.g. dimensions, materials, closures, thickness, etc.) and/or photograph(s);#  Y 7. "Maximum capacity;  Y Z8." "Characteristics of test contents, e.g. types and descriptions of inner  k packagings or articles used;#  Y 9.| "Test descriptions and results.#  Y 10.| "The test report should be signed with the name and status of the signatory.#  Y X4.4.3ZThe test report should contain statements that the large packaging prepared as for transport was tested in accordance with the appropriate provisions of chapter X and that the use of other packaging methods or components may render it invalid. A copy of the test report should be available to the competent authority.#  Y X5ZQuality Assurance#   Y X5.1ZLarge packagings should be manufactured and tested under a quality assurance programme which satisfies the competent authority in order to ensure that each  Y manufactured large packaging meets the requirements of this Chapter. # Consequential Amendments to Chapter 4  Y 4.8.2.1ZAdd a new second sentence:# Z"For the purpose of this subsection, the term packaging may also include the term large packaging (Chapter X) where appropriate."#  Y! 4.8.2.4ZAdd a new second sentence:# Z"Where large packagings are used, they should meet the requirements of Chapter X and be tested in accordance with the provisions of Chapter X, Section 4.# % +((Ԍ Y 4.8.2.17ZAdd a new sentence:# Z"EP02 may similarly be used for any article provided the large packaging has been approved by the national competent authority."# Table 4.3 Add a new packing method: JA+dd^   @@@a+^^^ @J g g K X >B Method EP02 g  Ja+^^^ @+^^^z L @@@J g  P   Inner Packagings and  Y arrangements  Intermediate Packagings  Y and arrangements   Y Outer Packagings and arrangements P  z O+^^^z L @@@+^^^ S @@O P ) z Y8 As approved by the Competent Authority. ! Large packagings in accordance with chapter X as approved by the  Y competent authority ) n  Division, Compatibility Group and UN number:  Yh To be determined by the national Competent Authority. n     Xo 5 ă