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Since 1979, fourteen international legally binding instruments, five conventions
and nine protocols, have been developed in the UNECE on air pollution, environmental
impact assessment, industrial accidents, transboundary waters and public participation.
These treaties, which are important elements of a common European legal framework,
are concrete and effective instruments to eliminate the former dividing line
between east and west and to integrate countries with economies in transition
into a pan-European legal and economic space.
Environmental conventions and protocols
1. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, done at Geneva,
on 13 November 1979
There are eight Protocols to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution.
- Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe
(EMEP), done at Geneva, on 28 September 1984
- Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary
Fluxes by at least 30 per cent, done at Helsinki, on 8 July 1985
- Protocol Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their
Transboundary Fluxes, done at Sofia, on 31 October 1988
- Protocol Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
or Their Transboundary Fluxes, done at Geneva, on 18 November 1991
- Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, done at Oslo, on 14 June 1994
- Protocol on Heavy Metals, done at Aarhus (Denmark), on 24 June 1998
- Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants, done at Aarhus (Denmark), on
24 June 1998
- Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone,
done at Gothenburg (Sweden), on 30 November 1999
2. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context,
done at Espoo (Finland), on 25 February 1991
- Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment, done at Kiev, on 21 May
2003
3. Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, done
at Helsinki, on 17 March 1992
- Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the
Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters, done
at Kiev, on 21 May 2003 (not yet in force)
4. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and
International Lakes, done at Helsinki, on 17 March 1992
- Protocol on Water and Health, done at London, on 17 June 1999
- Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the
Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters, done
at Kiev, on 21 May 2003 (not yet in force)
5. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making
and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, done at Aarhus (Denmark), on
25 June 1998
- Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers, done at Kiev, on
21 May 2003
Environment website
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